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malfunction
in two types of carboxypeptidase E mutant mice, Cpefat/Cpefat and Cpe knockout, loss of normal carboxypeptidase E leads to a lot of disorders, including diabetes, hyperproinsulinemia, low bone mineral density and deficits in learning and memory
malfunction
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cpe -/- mice is used as a model of EEC dysfunction. Using this model it is shown that CPE exhibits a relevant for EEC function and intestinal homeostasis
physiological function
glutamatergic and acetylcholine synaptic vesicles in the hypothalamus and chromaffin cell-derived PC12 cells employ the transmembrane carboxypeptidase E cytoplasmic tail to interact with gamma-adducin for recruiting synaptic vesicles to the active and/or pre-active zone to facilitate neurotransmitter release. Carboxypeptidase E is a mediator in the process, that mediates localization of synaptic vesicles to the pre-active zone. Carboxypeptidase E has a non-enzymatic role in the control of classical neurotransmitter release in specific neuron
physiological function
overexpression of the secreted form of CPE is accompanied by differential regulation of mRNAs connected to the motility-associated networks, among others adhesion kinase FAK, p21-activated kinase PAK, cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42), integrin, STAT3 as well as TGF-beta. Especially SLUG is downregulated in sCPE-overexpressing glioma cells, paralleled by reduced expression of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) and, in consequence, by decreased cell migration. Expression of SLUG is regulated by ERK since inhibition of ERK reverted sCPE-mediated SLUG downregulation and enhanced cell motility. In a mouse glioma model, overexpression of the sectreted form of CPE significantly prolonges survival
physiological function
the enzyme cleaves C-terminal basic amino acids from prohormone intermediates to produce mature peptide hormones and neuropeptides in the endocrine and central nervous systems. It also plays a critical role in prohormone sorting and secretory vesicle transportation. The enzyme exerts multiple non-enzymatic physiological roles in maintaining normal central nervous system function and in neurodevelopment. This includes potent neuroprotective and anti-depressant activities, as well as stem cell differentiation functions. In addition, N-terminal truncated variants of the enzyme regulate expression of important neurodevelopmental genes
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in proneuropeptide processing. It is also a neurotrophic factor (NF-a1) and has important roles in neuroprotection, stem cell differentiation, and neurite outgrowth, independent of enzymatic activity
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of a wide range of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in endocrine tissues, and in the nervous system. Membrane carboxypeptidase E mediates the targeting of prohormones to the regulated secretory pathway, while soluble carboxypeptidase E acts as an exopeptidase and cleaves C-terminal basic residues from peptide intermediates to generate bioactive peptides. Carboxypeptidase E also participates in protein internalization, vesicle transport and regulation of signaling pathways
physiological function
the enzyme plays a critical role in prohormone sorting and secretory vesicle transportation
physiological function
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carboxypeptidase E is classically known as an exopeptidase that cleaves carboxy-terminal basic aminoacids from neuropeptide and peptide hormone intermediates resulting in the production of bioactive peptides inneuroendocrine cells. Carboxypeptidase E that is expressed in the nervous and endocrine systems plays multiple non-enzymatic roles in addition to being an exopeptidase The soluble form of carboxypeptidase E acts as a processing enzyme. The membrane-bound form of carboxypeptidase E serves as a sorting receptor for some proneuropeptides and pro-brain derived neurotrophic factor to target them into the regulated secretory pathway.The cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane form of carboxypeptidase E is shown to be a key molecule in the anchoring of adrenocorticotropic hormone and brain derived neurotrophic factor vesicles to the microtubule-based transport system for post-Golgi delivery of the vesicles to the release site
physiological function
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carboxypeptidase E plays a role in regulating proper dendritic patterning, especially dendritic pruning and spine formation that are necessary for appropriate synaptogenesis and the establishment of neuronal network
physiological function
-
CPE acts extracellularly through activation of ERK and AKT signaling pathways to up-regulate expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 to mediate neuroprotection of neurons during stress
physiological function
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CPE can mediate neuroprotection of the hippocampal neurons during mild chronic restraint stress and may play an important role in maintaining allostasis
physiological function
-
CPE-DELTA neuroprotects neurons against glutamate neuroexcitotoxicity and H2O2-induced oxidative stress.CPE-DELTAN acts by increasing the transcription and secretion of fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)
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Rat preprocarboxypeptidase H. Cloning, characterization, and sequence of the cDNA and regulation of the mRNA by corticotropin-releasing factor
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1989
Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Marzban, L.; Soukhatcheva, G.; Verchere, C.B.
Role of carboxypeptidase E in processing of pro-islet amyloid polypeptide in beta-cells
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2005
Mus musculus
brenda
Fricker, L.D.
Carboxypeptidase E
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Aplysia sp., Bos taurus, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
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Mus musculus
brenda
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Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
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Carboxypeptidase E is required for normal synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to the inner retina
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95
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2005
Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57BL/6
brenda
Singh, U.; Yu, Y.; Kalinina, E.; Konno, T.; Sun, T.; Ohta, H.; Wakayama, T.; Soares, M.J.; Hemberger, M.; Fundele, R.H.
Carboxypeptidase E in the mouse placenta
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74
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2006
Mus musculus
brenda
Fricker, L.D.
Neuropeptidomics to study peptide processing in animal models of obesity
Endocrinology
148
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2007
Mus musculus
brenda
Lim, J.; Berezniuk, I.; Che, F.Y.; Parikh, R.; Biswas, R.; Pan, H.; Fricker, L.D.
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96
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Mus musculus
brenda
Park, J.J.; Cawley, N.X.; Loh, Y.P.
Carboxypeptidase E cytoplasmic tail-driven vesicle transport is key for activity-dependent secretion of peptide hormones
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22
989-1005
2008
Mus musculus
brenda
Kimball, E.S.; Prouty, S.P.; Pavlick, K.P.; Wallace, N.H.; Schneider, C.R.; Hornby, P.J.
Stimulation of neuronal receptors, neuropeptides and cytokines during experimental oil of mustard colitis
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19
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2007
Mus musculus
brenda
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Absence of carboxypeptidase E leads to adult hippocampal neuronal degeneration and memory deficits
Hippocampus
18
1051-1063
2008
Mus musculus
brenda
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Neuroprotective protein and carboxypeptidase E
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39
1-8
2009
Mus musculus
brenda
Lou, H.; Park, J.J.; Cawley, N.X.; Sarcon, A.; Sun, L.; Adams, T.; Peng Loh, Y.
Carboxypeptidase E cytoplasmic tail mediates localization of synaptic vesicles to the pre-active zone in hypothalamic presynaptic terminals
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114
886-896
2010
Mus musculus (Q00493)
brenda
Woronowicz, A.; Cawley, N.X.; Chang, S.Y.; Koshimizu, H.; Phillips, A.W.; Xiong, Z.G.; Loh, Y.P.
Carboxypeptidase E knockout mice exhibit abnormal dendritic arborization and spine morphology in central nervous system neurons
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88
64-72
2010
Mus musculus
brenda
Murthy, S.R.; Thouennon, E.; Li, W.S.; Cheng, Y.; Bhupatkar, J.; Cawley, N.X.; Lane, M.; Merchenthaler, I.; Loh, Y.P.
Carboxypeptidase E protects hippocampal neurons during stress in male mice by up-regulating prosurvival BCL2 protein expression
Endocrinology
154
3284-3293
2013
Mus musculus
brenda
Cheng, Y.; Cawley, N.; Loh, Y.
Carboxypeptidase E/NFalpha1: A New Neurotrophic Factor against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death Mediated by ERK and PI3-K/AKT Pathways
PLoS ONE
8
e71578
2013
Mus musculus
brenda
Baer, F.; Foeh, B.; Pagel, R.; Schroeder, T.; Schlichting, H.; Hirose, M.; Lemcke, S.; Klinger, A.; Koenig, P.; Karsten, C.M.; Buening, J.; Lehnert, H.; Fellermann, K.; Ibrahim, S.M.; Sina, C.
Carboxypeptidase E modulates intestinal immune homeostasis and protects against experimental colitis in mice
PLoS ONE
9
e102347
2014
Mus musculus
brenda
Qin, X.Y.; Cheng, Y.; Murthy, S.R.; Selvaraj, P.; Loh, Y.P.
carboxypeptidase E-DELTAN, a neuroprotein transiently expressed during development protects embryonic neurons against glutamate neurotoxicity
PLoS ONE
9
e112996
2014
Mus musculus
brenda
Liew, C.W.; Assmann, A.; Templin, A.T.; Raum, J.C.; Lipson, K.L.; Rajan, S.; Qiang, G.; Hu, J.; Kawamori, D.; Lindberg, I.; Philipson, L.H.; Sonenberg, N.; Goldfine, A.B.; Stoffers, D.A.; Mirmira, R.G.; Urano, F.; Kulkarni, R.N.
Insulin regulates carboxypeptidase E by modulating translation initiation scaffolding protein eIF4G1 in pancreatic beta cells
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
111
E2319-E2328
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Mus musculus
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Dissecting carboxypeptidase E properties, functions and pathophysiological roles in disease
Endocr. Connect.
6
R18-R38
2017
Homo sapiens (P16870), Mus musculus (Q00493)
brenda
Xiao, L.; Yang, X.; Sharma, V.K.; Loh, Y.P.
Cloning, gene regulation, and neuronal proliferation functions of novel N-terminal-truncated carboxypeptidase E/neurotrophic factor-alphaIl variants in embryonic mouse brain
FASEB J.
33
808-820
2019
Mus musculus (Q00493), Mus musculus
brenda
Xiao, L.; Yang, X.; Loh, Y.P.
Neurotrophic, gene regulation, and cognitive functions of carboxypeptidase E-neurotrophic factor-alpha1 and its variants
Front. Neurosci.
13
243
2019
Homo sapiens (P16870), Mus musculus (Q00493)
brenda
Armento, A.; Ilina, E.I.; Kaoma, T.; Muller, A.; Vallar, L.; Niclou, S.P.; Krueger, M.A.; Mittelbronn, M.; Naumann, U.
Carboxypeptidase E transmits its anti-migratory function in glioma cells via transcriptional regulation of cell architecture and motility regulating factors
Int. J. Oncol.
51
702-714
2017
Mus musculus (Q00493), Mus musculus
brenda