Information on EC 3.2.2.22 - rRNA N-glycosylase and Organism(s) Ricinus communis and UniProt Accession P02879

substrate is from Escherichia coli ribosomes, the naked 23S rRNA is a good substrate, while the intact native ribosome ins no substrate

-

?

28S rRNA + H2O

28S rRNA fragment + ?

depurination or 28S rRNA, removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation

-

?

28S rRNA + H2O

?

substrate is from rat liver ribosomes, depurination of A4324 of rat 28S rRNA, generation of an R-fragment from 28S RNA, the enzyme prefers the native ribosome to the naked 28S rRNA, the toxin recognizes the sarcin-ricin domain, structure overview

-

?

28S rRNA within the native ribosome + H2O

?

-

-

?

DNA + H2O

?

primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity

-

?

naked 28S rRNA + H2O

?

-

-

?

naked rRNA + H2O

?

primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity

-

?

polyA + H2O

?

primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity

-

?

rRNA + H2O

?

14-mer rRNA with GAGA tetraloop + H2O

14-mer rRNA with GabGA + ?

-

substrate and product with specific DNA loop probe, fluorophore and quencher, 37°C, citrate buffer, pH 4.0, than neutralization to pH 7.6 and hybridization with DNA-probes

698641

-

?

26S rRNA + H2O

?

-

depurination of ribosomes from yeast, product determination using aniline coupling

-

?

28S rRNA + H2O

?

28S rRNA + H2O

apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine

-

depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA

714687

-

?

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5A6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6dG7A8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6G7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4G5dA6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, preferred substrates to DNA stem loop derivatives, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7mA8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6mG7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5dA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4G5mA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate

-

?

5'-G1C2G3C4mG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O

?

-

RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate

-

?

5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdAAAUCUCCC + H2O

5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?

-

RNA GdAAA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal

-

?

5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdAGAUCUCCC + H2O

5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?

-

RNA GdAGA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal

-

?

5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdUGAUCUCCC + H2O

5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?

-

RNA GdUGA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal to test for false positive signal

-

?

A-14 2-dA stem-loop RNA/DNA hybrid + H2O

?

-

-

?

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGdA + H2O

?

-

-

?

cyclic dGdAdGdA + H2O

?

-

-

?

cyclic GdAGA + H2O

?

-

-

?

cyclic phosphorothioyl dGdAdGdA + H2O

?

-

ring closure via a phosphorothioate bond

-

?

dGdAdGdA + H2O

?

-

-

?

dGdCdGdCdGdAdGdAdGdCdGdC + H2O

?

-

-

?

GCGCGAGAGCGC + H2O

GCGCGGAGCGC + ?

-

DNA substrate (100 pmol/microl) mimicking natural rRNA substrate, reaction buffer: 10 mM ammonium citrate with 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, pH 4, 37°C, 4 h

695562

-

?

GdAGA + H2O

?

large rRNA + H2O

?

-

the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site

-

?

rabbit reticulocyte 80S rRNA + H2O

?

-

-

?

ribosomes + H2O

?

-

substrate from yeast

-

?

rRNA + H2O

?

8 entries

sarcin/ricin domains of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA + H2O

?

-

-

?

sarcin/ricin domains of Rattus norvegicus 28S rRNA + H2O

?

-

-

?

stem-loop substrate A-10 + H2O

?

-

-

?

yeast 60S rRNA + H2O

?

-

-

?

additional information

?

-

28 entries

28S rRNA + H2O

28S rRNA fragment + ?

depurination or 28S rRNA, removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation

-

?

rRNA + H2O

?

-

732064, 732343

-

?

28S rRNA + H2O

apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine

-

depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA

714687

-

?

large rRNA + H2O

?

-

the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site

-

?

rRNA + H2O

?

additional information

?

-

Mg2+

activates

NH4+

activates

Mg2+

-

((5-(2-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl)pentanoyl)amino)acetic acid

-

(E)-3-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-enamide

CID 16271106, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic

2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinepentanoic acid

-

2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-a-phenyl-pyrimidinepentanoic acid

PPA

2-methylsulfonyl-1-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)benzimidazole

CID 18576762, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic

4,6-bis(propan-2-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile

CID 644401, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic

4-(3-(2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl)-benzoic acid

PBA

8-vinyl-2'-deoxyadenosine containing 10-mer stem-tetraloop RNA

i.e. 8VdA-10, active site analogue, no substrate. Role of residue R180 in oxacarbenium ion destabilization, adenine is released from a second site within the molecule

9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine

transition state analogue inhibitors contraining 9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine. The tight-binding inhibitors mimic the sarcin-ricin recognition loop of 28S rRNA and the dissociative ribocation transition state established for RTA catalysis. RTA has a unique purine-binding geometry with quadruple pi-stacking interactions between adjacent adenine and guanine bases and 2 conserved tyrosines. An arginine at one end of the pi-stack provides cationic polarization and enhanced leaving group ability to the susceptible adenine. Inhibition mechanism, overview

710417

brefeldin A

shows significant anti-ricin activity

gliotoxin

shows significant anti-ricin activity

methyl 2-[(5E)-5-[[5-(azepan-1-yl)furan-2-yl]methylidene]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]propanoate

CID 5737931, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic

milk

competitively inhibits the biological activity of 1 ng/ml ricin. Milk does not inhibit ricin at concentrations of 10 or 100 ng/ml

732064

-

N-cyclohexyl-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)acetamide

CID 7531223

Thiostrepton

shows significant anti-ricin activity

TPCK

shows significant anti-ricin activity

2,2-dimethyl-4-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine

-

2-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

-

2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-pteridine 7-carbohydrazide

-

35% inhibition at 0.5 mM

2-[(E)-[(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)methylidene]amino]-N-phenylbenzamide

-

4,6-bis(propan-2-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile

-

4-bromo-2-[6-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-3H-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl]phenol

-

7-acetylpterin

-

20% inhibition at 0.5 mM

7-bromo-5-phenyl-4-propanoyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one

-

7-carboxypterin

-

7-propionylpterin

-

beta-methyl galactoside

-

50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 1.78 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 6.7 mM

beta-methyl lactoside

-

50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 0.55 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 4.0 mM

brefeldin A

CGCG-(N-benzyl-aza-ribosyl)-GAGCG

-

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGd-N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribose

-

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGdA

-

cyclic G-(N-benzyl-aza-ribosyl)-GA

-

D-galactose

-

50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 1.39 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 65 mM

dithiothreitol

-

20 mM, 74% residual activity

Exo2

-

golgicide A

-

HCl

-

20 mM, 38% residual activity

ilimaquinone

-

KCl

-

20 mM, 79% residual activity

lactose

LG186

-

methyl 2-[(5E)-5-[[5-(azepan-1-yl)furan-2-yl]methylidene]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]propanoate

-

MgCl2

-

10 mM, 65% residual activity

N-(2-(phenylamino) ethyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

-

N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

-

N-(furanylmethyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

-

N-(methylamino pyridinyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

-

N-methyl-7-carbamoylpterin

-

NaCl

-

20 mM, 90% residual activity

NaOH

-

20 mM, 41% residual activity

Triton X-100

-

inhibits at 0.1-0.5%

Tween-80

-

inhibits at 0.1-0.5%

additional information

9 entries

-

additional information

-

0.0026

28S rRNA within the native ribosome

-

-

0.0058

naked 28S rRNA

-

-

0.01

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5A6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.005

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6dG7A8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.0152

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6G7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.0094

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4G5dA6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.1

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0007

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0018

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0009

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0027

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0057

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0097

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7mA8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0063

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6mG7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.032

5'-G1C2G3C4G5dA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.3

5'-G1C2G3C4G5mA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0029

5'-G1C2G3C4mG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.0103

A-14 2-dA stem-loop RNA/DNA hybrid

-

pH 4.0

-

0.039

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.097

cyclic dGdAdGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.038

cyclic GdAGA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.046

cyclic phosphorothioyl dGdAdGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.112

dGdAdGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.0084

dGdCdGdCdGdAdGdAdGdCdGdC

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.065

GdAGA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.0001

rabbit reticulocyte 80S rRNA

-

pH 4.0

-

0.0026 - 0.0058

rRNA

0.00464

sarcin/ricin domains of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA

-

pH 5.0

-

0.00457

sarcin/ricin domains of Rattus norvegicus 28S rRNA

-

pH 5.0

-

0.0022

stem-loop substrate A-10

-

pH 4.0

-

0.00006

yeast 60S rRNA

-

pH 4.0

-

additional information

5 entries

-

0.0083

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5A6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.015

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6dG7A8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.0015

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6G7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.0038

5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4G5dA6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3'

-

37°C

0.0007

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.005

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.01

5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.011

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

1.68

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.055

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.085

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7mA8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.005

5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6mG7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

27.67

5'-G1C2G3C4G5dA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.07

5'-G1C2G3C4G5mA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

0.001

5'-G1C2G3C4mG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3'

-

37°C

18.5

A-14 2-dA stem-loop RNA/DNA hybrid

-

pH 4.0

-

0.018

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.108

cyclic dGdAdGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.018

cyclic GdAGA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.15

cyclic phosphorothioyl dGdAdGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.0045

dGdAdGdA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.0083

dGdCdGdCdGdAdGdAdGdCdGdC

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.003

GdAGA

-

pH 4.0, 37°C

0.000333 - 29.6

rRNA

5 entries

0.0012

sarcin/ricin domains of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA

-

pH 5.0

-

0.0018

sarcin/ricin domains of Rattus norvegicus 28S rRNA

-

pH 5.0

-

0.078

stem-loop substrate A-10

-

pH 4.0

-

additional information

-

catalysis of 80S ribosome by RTA approaches the diffusion rate limit for enzymatic reactions

-

0.0024

8-vinyl-2'-deoxyadenosine containing 10-mer stem-tetraloop RNA

37°C, pH 4.0

0.000099

CGCG-(N-benzyl-aza-ribosyl)-GAGCG

-

37°C, pH 4.0

0.0013

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGd-N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribose

-

37°C, pH 4.0

0.0027

cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGdA

-

37°C, pH 4.0

0.00007

cyclic G-(N-benzyl-aza-ribosyl)-GA

-

37°C, pH 4.0

additional information

-

thermodynamics and kinetics of catayltic subunit inhibition with pyrrolidine mimics of the oxacarbenium ion transition state

664034

-

2

((5-(2-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl)pentanoyl)amino)acetic acid

Ricinus communis

-

0.27

4-(3-(2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl)-benzoic acid

Ricinus communis

30°C

0.25

N-cyclohexyl-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)acetamide

Ricinus communis

-

0.2

7-carboxypterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

0.7

7-propionylpterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

0.2

N-(2-(phenylamino) ethyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

0.6

N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

0.4

N-(furanylmethyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

0.5

N-(methylamino pyridinyl)-7-carbamoylpterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

1.6

N-methyl-7-carbamoylpterin

Ricinus communis

-

in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C

additional information

2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinepentanoic acid

additional information

4

polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity

7.8

type II ribosome-inactivating protein

4

5

5.6

-

assay at

7.6

-

assay at

8

-

assay at

664103

additional information

-

pH-dependency with stem-loop and unstructured DNA substrates, overview

664103

4 - 5

-

pH-dependence of the reaction, overview

additional information

30

30 - 35

-

assay at

37

48

-

optimal temperature of ricin activity at 1 ng/ml based on signal-to-background ratios, 1.8fold higher than at 37°C, and 1.2fold higher than at 57°C

55

-

assay at

40 - 80

-

activity range, profile, overview

accumulation in protein storage vacuoles

seed

commercial preparation

-

protein storage vacuole

5773

endoplasmic reticulum

-

stably membrane-bound at 37°C, even under sodium carbonate treatment at pH 11.5, extractable at 20°C

-

the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor

-

664166

malfunction

-

the enzyme causes inhibition of protein synthesis by loss of elongation factor binding resulting in cell death

physiological function

P02879 pBLAST

RICI_RICCO

576

1

64091

Swiss-Prot

Show Sequence

Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)

31200

C-terminal His-tag version

691016

31600

N-terminal His-tag version

62925

x * 62925, MALDI-TOF

28000

-

x * 29000, A chain, + x * 28000, B chain, SDS-PAGE

29000

-

x * 29000, A chain, + x * 28000, B chain, SDS-PAGE

32000

-

x * 32000, SDS-PAGE

731786

36000

-

x * 36000

714784

62912

-

x * 62912, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

?

x * 62925, MALDI-TOF

dimer

heterodimer, subunits A and B, RTA and RTB, are derived from a single precursor protein, structure comparison and analysis

?

dimer

6 entries

additional information

glycoprotein

-

proteolytic modification

cleavage of the single precursor protein into subunit A and B

glycoprotein

-

714784

proteolytic modification

-

removal of the signal peptide of ricin precursor generates proricin in which the mature A- and B-chains are joined by an intervening propeptide and a 9-residue propeptide persists at the N terminus. The N-terminal propeptide of proricin acts as a nonspecific spacer to ensure efficient ER import and glycosylation. The propeptide does not influence catalytic activity per se or the vacuolar targeting of proricin or the rate of retrotranslocation/degradation of A-chain in the cytosol

683626

additional information

-

temperature induced major structural rearrangements of endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound toxin at 37°C: loss of helical content, increase of beta sheets, C-terminus moves closer to membrane surface, insertion into the bilayer

dynamics calculations suggest that steric factors cause the nucleoside to bind in an orientation where the enzyme destabilizes the formation of the oxacarbeniumion and thus precludes catalysis

RTA with 4-(3-(2-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl) benzoic acid

sitting drop vapor diffusion method, using 100 mM N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (pH 8.5) and 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (in complex with antigen binding domain E5 of single-chain monoclonal antibody) or 100 mM Na acetate (pH 4.5), 200 mM zinc acetate and 10% (w/v) PEG 3000 (in complex with antigen binding domain D10 of single-chain monoclonal antibody) or 100 mM Na-Hepes (pH 7.5) and 20% (w/v) PEG 8000 (in complex with antigen binding domain G12 of single-chain monoclonal antibody) or 100 mM Na acetate (pH 4.5), 200 mM NaCl and 40% (w/v) PEG 300 (in complex with antigen binding domain G11 of single-chain monoclonal antibody)

732343

structure of ricin-A chain in a complex with the C-terminal domain of the human ribosomal protein P2. The Phe111, Leu113 and Phe114 residues of P2 insert into a hydrophobic pocket formed by the Tyr183, Arg235, Phe240 and Ile251 residues of ricin A-chain, while Asp115 of P2 forms hydrogen bonds with Arg235 of ricin A-chain. The interaction with P stalk proteins is essential for the inhibition of protein synthesis by ricin A-chain

752209

the smallest ligand stabilizing an open conformer of the ricin A chain active site pocket is an amide group, bound weakly by only a few hydrogen bonds to the protein. Complexes with small amide-containing molecules also reveal a switch in geometry from a parallel towards a splayed arrangement of an arginine-tryptophan cation-pi interaction that was associated with an increase and redshift in tryptophan fluorescence upon ligand binding. Urea binding has a favorable enthalpy change and unfavorable entropy change. The side-chain position of residue >80 in a complex with adenine suggests a smaller role for aromatic stacking at the ricin active site

-

-

coarse-grained latice simulation model of sequence-structure modifications of the ricin A chain protein fold. Calculation of unfolding-folding transition temperature and evaluation of a possible unfolding model

-

683265

determination of the coupling of tyrosine residues, presence of energy transfer from tyrosine to tryptophan residues. The molar absorption coefficient of ricin in phosphate-buffered saline is 93900 per mol and cm

-

683967

purified recombinant mutant RTAs N122A and R213D, sitting drop vapour diffusion method using microbridges, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 1.4 A and 1.9 A resolution, respectively

-

ricin A chain in complex with inhibitor 7-carboxy pterin, hanging drop vapor diffusion method, using 75 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.9, 10 mM BME, 1 mM EDTA, 4.1% (w/v) PEG MW 8000

-

the total helical content of ricin is 53.6%

-

C171A

-

does not infer with enzymatic depurination activity, leaving C259 as docking station for the fluorescence dye, which changes its emission properties upon change from aqueous to hydrophobic (membrane) environment, C259 is reduced in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum

D75A

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows very low expression levels so that purification to homogeneity is not achieved

D75N

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows very low expression levels so that purification to homogeneity is not achieved

D75S

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows very low expression levels so that purification to homogeneity is not achieved

E177D/C259S/I249C

-

residues 249 and 259 show membrane- and temperature-induced structural transition, meaning that the residues are exposed to the bilayer interior, both labeled with N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine

E177K

K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/E135K

-

no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 135 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate

K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/E61K

-

no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 61 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate

K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/Q128K

-

no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 128 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate

K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/Q98K

-

no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 98 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate

K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/R114K

-

no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 114 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate

K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/R31K

-

residues 31 shows membrane- and temperature-induced structural transition, meaning that the residues are exposed to the bilayer interior, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate

N122A

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, 37.5fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA, the reconstituted enzyme comprising RTB and N122A RTA shows about 30fold reduced cytotoxicity compared to the wild-type enzyme

N78S

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, less than 2fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA, the reconstituted enzyme comprising RTB and N78S RTA shows about 2fold reduced cytotoxicity compared to the wild-type enzyme

P250L/A253V

-

mutant of ricin A chain, catalytically inactive, not cytotoxic in yeast

P95L/E145K

-

mutant of ricin A chain, catalytically active but not cytotoxic in yeast

R134A

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the expression of the recombinant mutant is abolished, R134 probably plays a structural role

R134Q

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the expression of the recombinant mutant is abolished, R134 probably plays a structural role

R213A

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows unaltered structure, but 10fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA

R213D

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows unaltered structure, but 2fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA

R258A

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, similar activity compared to the wild-type RTA

R258D

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, slightly reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA

R48A

-

site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, slightly reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA

S215F

-

mutant of ricin A chain, catalytically active but not cytotoxic in yeast

V76M/Y80A

additional information

65 - 70

-

irreversible thermal unfolding

683967

70

-

half-life in milk-based infant formula 9.8 min, in soy-based infant formula 16 min

75

-

half-life in milk-based infant formula 5.8 min, in soy-based infant formula 8.7 min

80

-

half-life in milk-based infant formula 5.1 min, in soy-based infant formula 6.9 min

85

-

half-life in milk-based infant formula 3.1 min, in soy-based infant formula 3.0 min

90

-

half-life in milk-based infant formula 1.8 min, in soy-based infant formula 2.0 min

additional information

the recombinant secreted ricin-B expressed in tobacco hairy root culture is degraded in the medium within 24 h with complete loss after 72 h, the recombinant ricin-B can be recovered by aqueous two-phase extraction using PEG/potassium phosphate or PEG/sodium sulfate, the latter is more efficient

-

-

from seed

-

-

according to Deeks et al., Biochemistry 41, p. 3405-3413, 2002

-

HisTrap column chromatography and Superdex 200 gel filtration

-

731351

immunoaffinity capture with antiricinus communis agglutinin, immobilized and cross-linked to Dynabeads Protein G

-

695562

native enzyme from seeds

-

664730

Ni-NTA column chromatography

-

731786

particle removal by centrifugation of ground material and concentration by dialysis against PEG

-

recombinant fusion protein

-

683115

recombinant His-tagged RTA and RLPs from Escherichia coli BL21-AI cells by nickel affinity chromatography

-

recombinant ricin A-chain RTA V81M without N- and C-terminal extensions from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion exchange chromatography

-

recombinant secreted ricin-B from tobacco hairy root culture medium

-

665780

recombinant wild-type and mutant ricin A chains from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by anion exchange chromatography and cobalt affinity chromatography to homogeneity

-

recombinant wild-type and some mutant RTAs from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by cation exchange chromatography to homogeneity

-

-

expressed in Escherichia coli

715587

expressed in Escherichia coli JM 101

-

-

expression of A chain in Escherichia coli with His-tag. Construction of replication-deficient ricin B chain adenovirus-green fluorescent protein fusion protein

-

683033

expression of precursor form of ricin A chain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

-

expression of ricin A chain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

-

683680

expression of ricin B-subunit in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots, the recombinant protein is secreted to the culture medium

-

665780

expression of RTA and each of the six RLPs in polyhistidine-tagged form in Escherichia coli BL21-AI cells

-

expression of wild-type and mutant ricin A chains in Escherichia coli strain JM101

-

expression of wild-type and mutant RTAs in Escherichia coli strain JM101

-

fusion gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein and ricin A chain, expression in Escherichia coli

-

683115

fusion protein of a 90-amino acid peptide from the simian rotavirus SA-11 nonstructural protein, NSP4 linked to the N-terminus of the ricin B subunit protein, expression in Escherichia coli

-

684106

overexpression of ricin A-chain RTA V81M without N- and C-terminal extensions in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)

-

RTA gene from genomic DANN cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli XL-1 blue

-

646924

the enzymatically active ricin A chain is expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells

-

731351

coarse-grained latice simulation model of sequence-structure modifications of the ricin A chain protein fold. Calculation of unfolding-folding transition temperature and evaluation of a possible unfolding model

-

683265

reassociation of purified recombinant RTAs mixed with RTB in presence of 0.1 M lactose and 2% v/v 2-mercaptoethanol by dialysis for 24 h against 1 l of NaCl/phosphate solution containing 0.1 M lactose, followed by further 36 h against 5 l of NaCl/phosphate solution

-

the recombinant secreted ricin-B expressed in tobacco hairy root culture is degraded in the medium within 24 h with complete loss after 72 h, the recombinant ricin-B can be recovered by aqueous two-phase extraction using PEG/potassium phosphate or PEG/sodium sulfate, the latter is more efficient

-

analysis

isolation of aptamers that specifically recognize ricin by affinity chromatography and by capillary electrophoresis/systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, i.e. CE-SELEX. Identification of three aptamers with Kd values in the nanomolar range that do not recognize abrin toxin

683403

medicine

the conserved alpha-helix is considered as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ribosome-inactivating protein poisoning

715587

analysis

9 entries

biotechnology

-

ricin is a prototype for the construction of chimeric molecules, called immunotoxins, based on the structure of the A-B toxins. An application of the ricin B as a carrier is the fusion and expression with different viral antigens used for vaccination therapies. A fusion protein combining the genes for endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis with the ricin B chain, and transgenic rice and maize plants expressing the fusion protein are more toxic to insects than plants containing the toxin gene alone

diagnostics

medicine

nutrition

-

study on the effects of heat treatment on the detection and toxicity of ricin added to milk- and soy-based infant formulas. Half-lives of ricin cytotoxicactivity in a milk-based infant formula at 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, and 90°C are 9.8, 5.8, 5.1, 3.1, and 1.8 min, respectively, the comparable values for a soy-based infant formula are 16, 8.7, 6.9, 3.0, and 2.0 min

additional information

-

ricin is used as biological weapon for warefare and terrorism

646314

Xu, Y.Z.; Liu, W.Y.

Effects of the active aldehyde group generated by RNA N-glycosidase in the sarcin/ricin domain of rat 28S ribosomal RNA on peptide elongation

Biol. Chem.

381

113-119

2000

Ricinus communis, Cinnamomum camphora, Saponaria ocymoides, Trichosanthes sp., Gypsophila vaccaria

10746742

646894

Endo, Y.; Tsurugi, K.

The RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain. The characteristics of the enzymatic activity of ricin A-chain with ribosomes and with rRNA

J. Biol. Chem.

263

8735-8739

1988

Ricinus communis

3288622

646895

Endo, Y.; Tsurugi, K.

The RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain

Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser.

19

139-142

1988

Ricinus communis

3226909

646920

Peumans, W.J.; Hao, Q.; Van Damme, E.J.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants: more than RNA N-glycosidases?

FASEB J.

15

1493-1506

2001

Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis, Eranthis hyemalis, Suregada multiflora, Hordeum vulgare, Momordica charantia, no activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, Phytolacca americana, Phytolacca insularis, Saponaria officinalis, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Trichosanthes sp.

11427481

646923

Zhang, A.H.; Tang, S.; Liu, W.y.

Substrate-structure dependence of ribotoxins on cleaving RNA in C. camphora ribosome

J. Nat. Toxins

10

119-125

2001

Ricinus communis, Cinnamomum camphora

11405275

646924

Honjo, E.; Watanabe, K.; Tsukamoto, T.

Real-time kinetic analyses of the interaction of ricin toxin A-chain with ribosomes prove a conformational change involved in complex formation

J. Biochem.

131

267-275

2002

Ricinus communis

11820942

663782

Wang, B.Z.; Zou, W.G.; Liu, W.Y.; Liu, X.Y.

The lower cytotoxicity of cinnamomin (a type II RIP) is due to its B-chain

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

451

91-96

2006

Ricinus communis, Cinnamomum camphora

16762311

Amukele, T.K.; Schramm, V.L.

Ricin A-chain substrate specificity in RNA, DNA, and hybrid stem-loop structures

Biochemistry

43

4913-4922

2004

Ricinus communis

15109249

664034

Roday, S.; Amukele, T.; Evans, G.B.; Tyler, P.C.; Furneaux, R.H.; Schramm, V.L.

Inhibition of ricin A-chain with pyrrolidine mimics of the oxacarbenium ion transition state

Biochemistry

43

4923-4933

2004

Ricinus communis

15109250

664103

Amukele, T.K.; Roday, S.; Schramm, V.L.

Ricin A-chain activity on stem-loop and unstructured DNA substrates

Biochemistry

44

4416-4425

2005

Ricinus communis

15766271

664166

Yamasaki, C.; Nishikawa, K.; Zeng, X.T.; Katayama, Y.; Natori, Y.; Komatsu, N.; Oda, T.

Induction of cytokines by toxins that have an identical RNA N-glycosidase activity: Shiga toxin, ricin, and modeccin

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1671

44-50

2004

Ricinus communis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Shigella dysenteriae, Adenia digitata

15026144

Hartley, M.R.; Lord, J.M.

Cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating lectins from plants

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1701

1-14

2004

Abrus precatorius, Cucurbita pepo, Dianthus caryophyllus, Escherichia coli, Mirabilis jalapa, Momordica charantia, Phytolacca americana, Sambucus nigra, Saponaria officinalis, Shigella dysenteriae, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Triticum aestivum, Viscum album, Adenia volkensii, Sambucus ebulus, Ricinus communis (P02879)

15450171

664730

Sestili, P.; Alfieri, R.; Carnicelli, D.; Martinelli, C.; Barbieri, L.; Stirpe, F.; Bonelli, M.; Petronini, P.G.; Brigotti, M.

Shiga toxin 1 and ricin inhibit the repair of H2O2-induced DNA single strand breaks in cultured mammalian cells

DNA Repair

4

271-277

2005

Ricinus communis, Shigella dysenteriae

15590335

Marsden, C.J.; Fueloep, V.; Day, P.J.; Lord, J.M.

The effect of mutations surrounding and within the active site on the catalytic activity of ricin A chain

Eur. J. Biochem.

271

153-162

2004

Ricinus communis

14686928

665780

Zhang, C.; Medina-Bolivar, F.; Buswell, S.; Cramer, C.L.

Purification and stabilization of ricin B from tobacco hairy root culture medium by aqueous two-phase extraction

J. Biotechnol.

117

39-48

2005

Ricinus communis

15831246

666379

Wang, S.; Feng, J.; Guo, J.; Guo, L.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y.; Qin, W.; Hu, M.; Han, G.; Shen, B.

A novel designed single domain antibody on 3-D-structure of ricin A chain remarkably blocked ricin-induced cytotoxicity

Mol. Immunol.

43

1912-1919

2006

Ricinus communis

16343623

Stirpe, F.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins

Toxicon

44

371-383

2004

Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis, Suregada multiflora, Hordeum vulgare, Phytolacca americana, Sambucus nigra, Saponaria officinalis, Shigella dysenteriae, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Viscum album, Zea mays, Phoradendron californicum, Adenia volkensii, Adenia digitata, Mirabilis expansa

15302521

Marsden, C.J.; Knight, S.; Smith, D.C.; Day, P.J.; Roberts, L.M.; Phillips, G.J.; Lord, J.M.

Insertional mutagenesis of ricin A chain: a novel route to an anti-ricin vaccine

Vaccine

22

2800-2805

2004

Ricinus communis

15246614

683033

Wang, H.B.; Xia, F.; Ge, J.; Yin, J.; Tan, L.S.; Zhang, P.D.; Zhong, J.

Co-application of ricin A chain and a recombinant adenovirus expressing ricin B chain as a novel approach for cancer therapy

Acta Pharmacol. Sin.

28

657-662

2007

Ricinus communis

17439722

683062

Lubelli, C.; Chatgilialoglu, A.; Bolognesi, A.; Strocchi, P.; Colombatti, M.; Stirpe, F.

Detection of ricin and other ribosome-inactivating proteins by an immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay

Anal. Biochem.

355

102-109

2006

Ricinus communis, Dianthus caryophyllus

16762307

Keener, W.K.; Rivera, V.R.; Young, C.C.; Poli, M.A.

An activity-dependent assay for ricin and related RNA N-glycosidases based on electrochemiluminescence

Anal. Biochem.

357

200-207

2006

Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis, Saponaria officinalis

16942744

683072

Haes, A.J.; Giordano, B.C.; Collins, G.E.

Aptamer-based detection and quantitative analysis of ricin using affinity probe capillary electrophoresis

Anal. Chem.

78

3758-3764

2006

Ricinus communis

16737234

683073

Mei, Q.; Fredrickson, C.K.; Lian, W.; Jin, S.; Fan, Z.H.

Ricin detection by biological signal amplification in a well-in-a-well device

Anal. Chem.

78

7659-7664

2006

Ricinus communis

17105156

683074

Becher, F.; Duriez, E.; Volland, H.; Tabet, J.C.; Ezan, E.

Detection of functional ricin by immunoaffinity and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Anal. Chem.

79

659-665

2007

Ricinus communis

17222034

683115

Liu, Q.; Zhan, J.; Chen, X.; Zheng, S.

Ricin A chain reaches the endoplasmic reticulum after endocytosis

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

343

857-863

2006

Ricinus communis

16564502

Roday, S.; Saen-oon, S.; Schramm, V.L.

Vinyldeoxyadenosine in a sarcin-ricin RNA loop and its binding to ricin toxin A-chain

Biochemistry

46

6169-6182

2007

Phytolacca americana, Ricinus communis (P02879)

17477546

683197

Hartley, P.G.; Alderton, M.R.; Dawson, R.M.; Wells, D.

Ricin antitoxins based on lyotropic mesophases containing galactose amphiphiles

Bioconjug. Chem.

18

152-159

2007

Ricinus communis

17226968

683263

Ganguly, D.; Mukhopadhyay, C.

Binding diversity of the two binding sites of ricin B lectin

Biopolymers

83

83-94

2006

Ricinus communis (P02879)

16642485

683264

Ganguly, D.; Mukhopadhyay, C.

Extended binding site of ricin B lectin for oligosaccharide recognition

Biopolymers

86

311-320

2007

Ricinus communis (P02879)

17450571

683265

Olson, M.A.; Yeh, I.C.; Lee, M.S.

Coarse-grained lattice model simulations of sequence-structure fitness of a ribosome-inactivating protein

Biopolymers

89

153-159

2008

Ricinus communis

17985366

683275

Anderson, G.P.; Matney, R.; Liu, J.L.; Hayhurst, A.; Goldman, E.R.

Multiplexed fluid array screening of phage displayed anti-ricin single domain antibodies for rapid assessment of specificity

Biotechniques

43

806-811

2007

Ricinus communis

18251258

683282

Wang, Y.; Guo, L.; Zhao, K.; Chen, J.; Feng, J.; Sun, Y.; Li, Y.; Shen, B.

Novel chimeric anti-ricin antibody C4C13 with neutralizing activity against ricin toxicity

Biotechnol. Lett.

29

1811-1816

2007

Ricinus communis

17657413

683308

Carra, J.H.; McHugh, C.A.; Mulligan, S.; Machiesky, L.M.; Soares, A.S.; Millard, C.B.

Fragment-based identification of determinants of conformational and spectroscopic change at the ricin active site

BMC Struct. Biol.

7

72

2007

Ricinus communis (P02879)

17986339

683339

Jandhyala, D.M.; Ahluwalia, A.; Obrig, T.; Thorpe, C.M.

ZAK: a MAP3Kinase that transduces Shiga toxin and ricin induced proinflammatory cytokine expression

Cell. Microbiol.

10

1468-1477

2008

Ricinus communis, Escherichia coli

18331592

683403

Tang, J.; Xie, J.; Shao, N.; Yan, Y.

The DNA aptamers that specifically recognize ricin toxin are selected by two in vitro selection methods

Electrophoresis

27

1303-1311

2006

Ricinus communis (P02879)

16518777

683446

Pratt, T.S.; Pincus, S.H.; Hale, M.L.; Moreira, A.L.; Roy, C.J.; Tchou-Wong, K.M.

Oropharyngeal aspiration of ricin as a lung challenge model for evaluation of the therapeutic index of antibodies against ricin A-chain for post-exposure treatment

Exp. Lung Res.

33

459-481

2007

Ricinus communis

17994372

683535

Mantis, N.J.; McGuinness, C.R.; Sonuyi, O.; Edwards, G.; Farrant, S.A.

Immunoglobulin A antibodies against ricin A and B subunits protect epithelial cells from ricin intoxication

Infect. Immun.

74

3455-3462

2006

Ricinus communis

16714576

Li, X.P.; Baricevic, M.; Saidasan, H.; Tumer, N.E.

Ribosome depurination is not sufficient for ricin-mediated cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Infect. Immun.

75

417-428

2007

Ricinus communis

17101666

683573

Rathore, S.S.; Ghosh, P.C.

Effect of surface charge and density of distearylphosphatidylethanolamine-mPEG-2000 (DSPE-mPEG-2000) on the cytotoxicity of liposome-entrapped ricin: effect of lysosomotropic agents

Int. J. Pharm.

350

79-94

2008

Ricinus communis

17913409

683574

Bharadwaj, S.; Rathore, S.S.; Ghosh, P.C.

Enhancement of the cytotoxicity of liposomal ricin by the carboxylic ionophore monensin and the lysosomotropic amine NH4Cl in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Int. J. Toxicol.

25

349-359

2006

Ricinus communis

16940007

Jackson, L.S.; Tolleson, W.H.; Chirtel, S.J.

Thermal inactivation of ricin using infant formula as a food matrix

J. Agric. Food Chem.

54

7300-7304

2006

Ricinus communis

16968097

Sturm, M.B.; Roday, S.; Schramm, V.L.

Circular DNA and DNA/RNA hybrid molecules as scaffolds for ricin inhibitor design

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

129

5544-5550

2007

Ricinus communis

17417841

683597

Lindsey, C.Y.; Richardson, J.D.; Brown, J.E.; Hale, M.L.

Intralaboratory validation of cell-free translation assay for detecting ricin toxin biological activity

J. AOAC Int.

90

1316-1325

2007

Ricinus communis

17955975

Dawson, R.M.; Alderton, M.R.; Wells, D.; Hartley, P.G.

Monovalent and polyvalent carbohydrate inhibitors of ricin binding to a model of the cell-surface receptor

J. Appl. Toxicol.

26

247-252

2006

Ricinus communis

16489581

683626

Jolliffe, N.A.; Di Cola, A.; Marsden, C.J.; Lord, J.M.; Ceriotti, A.; Frigerio, L.; Roberts, L.M.

The N-terminal ricin propeptide influences the fate of ricin A-chain in tobacco protoplasts

J. Biol. Chem.

281

23377-23385

2006

Ricinus communis

16774920

683680

Parikh, B.A.; Tortora, A.; Li, X.P.; Tumer, N.E.

Ricin inhibits activation of the unfolded protein response by preventing splicing of the HAC1 mRNA

J. Biol. Chem.

283

6145-6153

2008

Ricinus communis

18180297

683727

Fulton, R.E.; Thompson, H.G.

Fluorogenic hand-held immunoassay for the identification of ricin - rapid analyte measurement platform

J. Immunoassay Immunochem.

28

227-241

2007

Ricinus communis

17613669

683830

Mouser, P.; Filigenzi, M.S.; Puschner, B.; Johnson, V.; Miller, M.A.; Hooser, S.B.

Fatal ricin toxicosis in a puppy confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry when using ricinine as a marker

J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.

19

216-220

2007

Ricinus communis

17402623

683859

Slominska-Wojewodzka, M.; Gregers, T.F.; Waelchli, S.; Sandvig, K.

EDEM is involved in retrotranslocation of ricin from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol

Mol. Biol. Cell

17

1664-1675

2006

Ricinus communis

16452630

683882

Gonzalez, T.V.; Farrant, S.A.; Mantis, N.J.

Ricin induces IL-8 secretion from human monocyte/macrophages by activating the p38 MAP kinase pathway

Mol. Immunol.

43

1920-1923

2006

Ricinus communis

16434099

Chakravartula, S.V.; Guttarla, N.

Amino acids of ricin and its polypeptides

Nat. Prod. Res.

22

258-263

2008

Ricinus communis

18266157

683967

Gaigalas, A.K.; Cole, K.D.; Bykadi, S.; Wang, L.; DeRose, P.

Photophysical properties of ricin

Photochem. Photobiol.

83

1149-1156

2007

Ricinus communis

17880509

683998

Vitetta, E.S.; Smallshaw, J.E.; Coleman, E.; Jafri, H.; Foster, C.; Munford, R.; Schindler, J.

A pilot clinical trial of a recombinant ricin vaccine in normal humans

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

103

2268-2273

2006

Ricinus communis

16461456

684058

Korennykh, A.V.; Correll, C.C.; Piccirilli, J.A.

Evidence for the importance of electrostatics in the function of two distinct families of ribosome inactivating toxins

RNA

13

1391-1396

2007

Ricinus communis, Saponaria officinalis

17626843

684094

Sha, O.; Kwong, W.H.; Pang Cho, E.Y.; Wai Yew, D.T.; Ng, T.B.

Different neuronal toxicity of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins on the rat retina

Toxicon

51

45-53

2008

Ricinus communis, Trichosanthes kirilowii

17889920

684098

Grimmer, S.; Spilsberg, B.; Hanada, K.; Sandvig, K.

Depletion of sphingolipids facilitates endosome to Golgi transport of ricin

Traffic

7

1243-1253

2006

Ricinus communis

16919154

684100

Utskarpen, A.; Slagsvold, H.H.; Iversen, T.G.; Waelchli, S.; Sandvig, K.

Transport of ricin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus is regulated by Rab6A and Rab6A

Traffic

7

663-672

2006

Ricinus communis

16683916

684103

Carra, J.H.; Wannemacher, R.W.; Tammariello, R.F.; Lindsey, C.Y.; Dinterman, R.E.; Schokman, R.D.; Smith, L.A.

Improved formulation of a recombinant ricin A-chain vaccine increases its stability and effective antigenicity

Vaccine

25

4149-4158

2007

Ricinus communis

17408819

684106

Choi, N.W.; Estes, M.K.; Langridge, W.H.

Ricin toxin B subunit enhancement of rotavirus NSP4 immunogenicity in mice

Viral Immunol.

19

54-63

2006

Ricinus communis

16553550

691016

Li, X.P.; Chiou, J.C.; Remacha, M.; Ballesta, J.P.; Tumer, N.E.

A Two-Step Binding Model Proposed for the Electrostatic Interactions of Ricin A Chain with Ribosomes

Biochemistry

48

3853-3863

2009

Ricinus communis (P02879)

19292477

694240

Chiou, J.C.; Li, X.P.; Remacha, M.; Ballesta, J.P.; Tumer, N.E.

The ribosomal stalk is required for ribosome binding, depurination of the rRNA and cytotoxicity of ricin A chain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mol. Microbiol.

70

1441-1452

2008

Ricinus communis

19019145

Keener, W.; Rivera, V.R.; Cho, C.Y.; Hale, M.L.; Garber, E.A.E; Poli, M.A.

Identifitcation of the RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin in castor bean extracts by an electrochemiluminescence-based assay

Anal. Biochem.

378

87-89

2008

Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis

18394420

695562

Brinkworth, C.S.; Pigott, E.J.; Bourne, D.J.

Detection of intact ricin in crude and purified extracts from castor beans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Anal. Chem.

81

1529-1535

2009

Ricinus communis

19159212

Bai, Y.; Monzingo, A.F.; Robertus, J.D.

The X-ray structure of ricin A chain with a novel inhibitor

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

483

23-28

2009

Ricinus communis (P02879)

19138659

698641

Roday, S.; Sturm, M.B.; Blakaj, D.; Schramm, V.L.

Detection of an abasic site in RNA with stem-loop DNA beacons: application to an activity assay for Ricin Toxin A-Chain

J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods

70

945-953

2008

Ricinus communis

18276012

Mayerhofer, P.U.; Cook, J.P.; Wahlman, J.; Pinheiro, T.T.; Moore, K.A.; Lord, J.M.; Johnson, A.E.; Roberts, L.M.

Ricin A chain insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes is triggered by a temperature increase to 37 {degrees}C

J. Biol. Chem.

284

10232-10242

2009

Ricinus communis

19211561

Melchior, W.B.; Tolleson, W.H.

A functional quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for ricin, Shiga toxin, and related ribosome-inactivating proteins

Anal. Biochem.

396

204-211

2010

Ricinus communis, Escherichia coli

19766090

Sturm, M.B.; Schramm, V.L.

Detecting ricin: sensitive luminescent assay for ricin A-chain ribosome depurination kinetics

Anal. Chem.

81

2847-2853

2009

Ricinus communis

19364139

Tan, Q.; Dong, D.; Yin, X.; Sun, J.; Ren, H.; Li, R.

Comparative analysis of depurination catalyzed by ricin A-chain on synthetic 32mer and 25mer oligoribonucleotides mimicking the sarcin/ricin domain of the rat 28S rRNA and E. coli 23S rRNA

J. Biotechnol.

139

156-162

2009

Ricinus communis

19014981

710417

Ho, M.C.; Sturm, M.B.; Almo, S.C.; Schramm, V.L.

Transition state analogues in structures of ricin and saporin ribosome-inactivating proteins

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

106

20276-20281

2009

Ricinus communis (P02879), Saponaria officinalis (Q2QEH4)

19920175

Leshin, J.; Danielsen, M.; Credle, J.J.; Weeks, A.; O'Connell, K.P.; Dretchen, K.

Characterization of ricin toxin family members from Ricinus communis

Toxicon

55

658-661

2010

Ricinus communis

19781564

Wahome, P.G.; Bai, Y.; Neal, L.M.; Robertus, J.D.; Mantis, N.J.

Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of ricin and shiga toxin using a cell-based high-throughput screen

Toxicon

56

313-323

2010

Ricinus communis (P02879)

20350563

714088

Arfilli, V.; Carnicelli, D.; Rocchi, L.; Ricci, F.; Pagliaro, P.; Tazzari, P.L.; Brigotti, M.

Shiga toxin 1 and ricin A chain bind to human polymorphonuclear leucocytes through a common receptor

Biochem. J.

432

173-180

2010

Ricinus communis, Suregada multiflora, Saponaria officinalis

20809900

714687

Horrix, C.; Raviv, Z.; Flescher, E.; Voss, C.; Berger, M.

Plant ribosome-inactivating proteins type II induce the unfolded protein response in human cancer cells

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

68

1269-1281

2011

Ricinus communis, Ximenia americana, Adenia volkensii

20844919

714784

Giansanti, F.; Di Leandro, L.; Koutris, I.; Cialfi, A.; Benedetti, E.; Laurenti, G.; Pitari, G.; Ippoliti, R.

Ricin and saporin: Plant enzymes for the research and the clinics

Curr. Chem. Biol.

4

99-107

2010

Ricinus communis, Saponaria officinalis

-

Pruet, J.M.; Jasheway, K.R.; Manzano, L.A.; Bai, Y.; Anslyn, E.V.; Robertus, J.D.

7-Substituted pterins provide a new direction for ricin A chain inhibitors

Eur. J. Med. Chem.

46

3608-3615

2011

Ricinus communis

21641093

715587

Dai, J.; Zhao, L.; Yang, H.; Guo, H.; Fan, K.; Wang, H.; Qian, W.; Zhang, D.; Li, B.; Wang, H.; Guo, Y.

Identification of a novel functional domain of ricin responsible for its potent toxicity

J. Biol. Chem.

286

12166-12171

2011

Ricinus communis (P02879)

21303906

731351

Au, K.Y.; Wang, R.R.; Wong, Y.T.; Wong, K.B.; Zheng, Y.T.; Shaw, P.C.

Engineering a switch-on peptide to ricin A chain for increasing its specificity towards HIV-infected cells

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1840

958-963

2014

Ricinus communis

24246953

731676

O'Hara, J.M.; Brey, R.N.; Mantis, N.J.

Comparative efficacy of two leading candidate ricin toxin a subunit vaccines in mice

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

20

789-794

2013

Ricinus communis

23515013

731786

May, K.L.; Li, X.P.; Martinez-Azorin, F.; Ballesta, J.P.; Grela, P.; Tchorzewski, M.; Tumer, N.E.

The P1/P2 proteins of the human ribosomal stalk are required for ribosome binding and depurination by ricin in human cells

FEBS J.

279

3925-3936

2012

Ricinus communis

22909382

732064

Rasooly, R.; He, X.; Friedman, M.

Milk inhibits the biological activity of ricin

J. Biol. Chem.

287

27924-27929

2012

Ricinus communis (P02879), Ricinus communis

22733821

732343

Rudolph, M.J.; Vance, D.J.; Cheung, J.; Franklin, M.C.; Burshteyn, F.; Cassidy, M.S.; Gary, E.N.; Herrera, C.; Shoemaker, C.B.; Mantis, N.J.

Crystal structures of ricin toxins enzymatic subunit (RTA) in complex with neutralizing and non-neutralizing single-chain antibodies

J. Mol. Biol.

426

3057-3068

2014

Ricinus communis (P02879)

24907552

732952

Schieltz, D.M.; McWilliams, L.G.; Kuklenyik, Z.; Prezioso, S.M.; Carter, A.J.; Williamson, Y.M.; McGrath, S.C.; Morse, S.A.; Barr, J.R.

Quantification of ricin, RCA and comparison of enzymatic activity in 18 Ricinus communis cultivars by isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Toxicon

95

72-83

2015

Ricinus communis

25576235