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Information on EC 2.7.11.15 - beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase and Organism(s) Rattus norvegicus and UniProt Accession P26819

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IUBMB Comments
Requires G-protein for activation and therefore belongs to the family of G-protein-dependent receptor kinases (GRKs). Acts on the agonist-occupied form of the receptor; also phosphorylates rhodopsin, but more slowly. Does not act on casein or histones. The enzyme is inhibited by Zn2+ and digitonin but is unaffected by cyclic-AMP (cf. EC 2.7.11.14, rhodopsin kinase and EC 2.7.11.16, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase).
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Rattus norvegicus
UNIPROT: P26819
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Rattus norvegicus
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
Synonyms
g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, betaark1, betaark, g-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, gprk2, g protein-coupled receptor kinase-2, beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1, g protein coupled receptor kinase, beta-ark, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2
-
G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2
-
beta adrenergic receptor kinase
-
-
beta-adrenergic receptor kinase
beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1
-
beta-adrenergic receptor-specific kinase
-
-
-
-
beta-AR kinase
-
-
-
-
beta-ARK
beta-ARK 1
-
-
-
-
beta-ARK 2
-
-
-
-
beta-receptor kinase
-
-
-
-
betaAR kinase 1
-
-
betaARK2
-
-
carboxyl-terminus of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase
-
-
G protein-coupled receptor kinase
-
-
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3
-
-
G protein-coupled receptor kinase-3
-
-
G-protein receptor kinase 2
-
-
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2
-
-
kinase (phosphorylating), beta-adrenergic-receptor
-
-
-
-
additional information
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY hide
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + [beta-adrenergic receptor] = ADP + phospho-[beta-adrenergic receptor]
show the reaction diagram
regulation mechanism
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
phospho group transfer
-
-
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:[beta-adrenergic receptor] phosphotransferase
Requires G-protein for activation and therefore belongs to the family of G-protein-dependent receptor kinases (GRKs). Acts on the agonist-occupied form of the receptor; also phosphorylates rhodopsin, but more slowly. Does not act on casein or histones. The enzyme is inhibited by Zn2+ and digitonin but is unaffected by cyclic-AMP (cf. EC 2.7.11.14, rhodopsin kinase and EC 2.7.11.16, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase).
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
102925-39-3
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + beta1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + beta1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha1 beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phosphorylated alpha1 beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + beta-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phosphorylated beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + beta-casein
ADP + phosphorylated beta-casein
show the reaction diagram
-
recombinant HA-tagged wild-type and mutant GRK3
-
-
?
ATP + beta1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + beta1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta2-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phosphorylated beta2-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1
ADP + phosphorylated corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1
show the reaction diagram
ATP + G protein-coupled receptor
ADP + phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
ADP + phosphorylated M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + myelin basic protein
ADP + phosphorylated myelin basic protein
show the reaction diagram
-
recombinant HA-tagged wild-type and mutant GRK3
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
show the reaction diagram
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
show the reaction diagram
ATP + [beta-adrenergic receptor]
ADP + phospho-[beta-adrenergic receptor]
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + [delta opioid receptor]
ADP + phospho-[delta opioid receptor]
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + beta1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + beta1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha1 beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phosphorylated alpha1 beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
substrate specificities of GRK2 and GRK3 in cardiac myocytes, overview
-
-
?
ATP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + alpha1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + beta-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phosphorylated beta-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + beta1-adrenergic receptor
ADP + beta1-adrenergic receptor phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta2-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phosphorylated beta2-adrenergic receptor
show the reaction diagram
-
desensitization of the receptor with subsequent decline in the stimulatory effects of beta2-adrenergic agonists over time, the receptor is involved in alveolar Na+ and water clearance
-
-
?
ATP + corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1
ADP + phosphorylated corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1
show the reaction diagram
-
i.e. CRFR1, phosphorylation leads to desensitization and downregulation of the receptor
-
-
?
ATP + G protein-coupled receptor
ADP + phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptor
show the reaction diagram
ATP + M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
ADP + phosphorylated M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
show the reaction diagram
-
phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms in the regulation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in hippocampal neurons, GRK2 can inhibit the receptor-dependent signaling via phospholipase C, overview
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
show the reaction diagram
ATP + [beta-adrenergic receptor]
ADP + phospho-[beta-adrenergic receptor]
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + [delta opioid receptor]
ADP + phospho-[delta opioid receptor]
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
Ca2+
-
inhibits GRK2
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
betaARKct
a GRK2 inhibitor
-
actinin
-
inhibits GRK2
-
beta adrenergic receptor kinase C-terminal peptide
-
-
-
betaARKct
-
C-terminus of beta-ARK
-
betaARKmini, inhibits
-
Ca2+
-
inhibits GRK2
Calmodulin
-
inhibits GRK2
caveolin
-
microsomal anchor protein, inhibits GRK2
-
concanavalin A
-
inhibitor of clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis via clathrin binding domain of beta-arrestin-2, inhibitor reduces the GRK3/beta-arrestin-2 induction activity of germinal vesicle breakdown
-
heparin
-
specific inhibitor, 1 mM/l: almost complete inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation
monodansyl cadaverin
-
inhibitor of clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis via clathrin binding domain of beta-arrestin-2, inhibitor reduces the GRK3/beta-arrestin-2 induction activity of germinal vesicle breakdown
paroxetine
selective inhibitor
additional information
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
beta-arrestin-2
-
G protein
-
binding and modulation of GRK2 and GRK3, Gbetagamma subunits bind GRK2 required for lipid association and G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation and are released afterwards
-
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
-
binding of GRK2 and GRK3 via their pleckstrin homology domains, activate the phosphorylation activity
phosphatidylserine
-
binding of GRK2 and GRK3 via their pleckstrin homology domains, activate the phosphorylation activity
additional information
-
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
7.3
-
assay at
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
22
-
assay at room temperature
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
beta-ARK 1 and 2 are expressed primarily in neurons distributed throughout the CNS
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
i.e. AT1 cells, from transdifferentiation of AT2 cells
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
i.e. AT2 cells, primary cells, transdifferentiation to AT1 cells
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
no expression of GRK3
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
H9c2 cardiomyolbasts, ATCC CRL 1446
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
analysis of GRK2 localization in alveolar epithelium
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
analysis of GRK2 localization in alveolar epithelium, determination of expression level
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
peripheral
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
GRK2 and GRK3
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
after myocardial ischemic and oxidative stress there is increased mitochondrial GRK2 translocation
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
metabolism
-
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a RhoA effector that serves as a RhoA-activated scaffold protein for the ERK MAP kinase cascade
physiological function
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
ARBK2_RAT
688
0
79887
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
77000
beta-ARK 2, Western blot analysis
79900
x * 79900, predicted from the amino acid sequence
79000
x * 79000, GRK3, SDS-PAGE, x * 81000, GRK2, SDS-PAGE
79800
x * 79800, predicted from the amino acid sequence
80000
81000
x * 79000, GRK3, SDS-PAGE, x * 81000, GRK2, SDS-PAGE
82000
beta-ARK 1, Western blot analysis
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
?
x * 79900, predicted from the amino acid sequence
additional information
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
additional information
-
mechanisms of regulation of GRK protein stability and degradation, e.g. via ubiquination or protease cleavage, overview
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
D110A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, GRK2 mutant deficient in Galphaq/11 binding
D110A/K220R
-
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive GRK2 mutant deficient in Galphaq/11 binding
K220R
additional information
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
cDNAs encoding beta-ARK 1, 689 amino acids, and beta-ARK 2, 688 amino acids, are cloned, expressed in COS-7 cells and sequenced
expression of GRK2 using an adenoviral expression system in suprerenal glands, the transgene-expression is restricted to the adrenal cortical region, overview
expression of minigene encoding peptide inhibitors of GRK2, the C-terminal fragments of GRK2, i.e. AdGRK2, and AdGRK2ct, using adenovirus infection of cardiac myocyte, with effects on rod-shaped morphology of cardiac myocytes, overview
cDNAs encoding beta-ARK 1, 689 amino acids, and beta-ARK 2, 688 amino acids, are cloned, expressed in COS-7 cells and sequenced
co-expression of HA-tagged M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and of GRK2 wild-type and mutants in CHO-K1 cells, suppression of 80% of endogenous GRK2 in HEK293 cells and in hippocampal neurons by antisense construct expression of GRK2, co-expression of wild-type and mutant GRK2s with eGFP-tagged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate biosensor eGFP-PHPLCdelta in HEK293 cells
-
cytosolic expression of wild-type and mutant GRK2 in HEK-293 cells, co-expression with the beta-adrenergic receptor
-
expression of GRK2 and GRK3 in cardiac myocytes via adenoviral transfection, overview
expression of minigene encoding peptide inhibitors of GRK3, the C-terminal fragments of GRK3, i.e. AdGRK3, or AdGRK3ct, using adenovirus infection of cardiac myocyte, with effects on rod-shaped morphology of cardiac myocytes, overview
functional expression of HA-tagged wild-type and mutant GRK3, and coexpression with beta-arrestin-2, in Xenopus laevis oocytes via injection of mRNA, leads to induction of maturation of the oocytes
-
nucleotide sequence of beta-ARK 1, 95% homology to Syrian hamster beta-ARK 1
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
15 days of ischemia result in 2-fold increase in enzyme levels in the ischemic muscle
-
as heart failure progresses after adenoviral-betaARKct gene delivery, betaARK1 levels progressively increase
-
protein levels of endogenous betaARK1 progressively increase with progression of heart failure
-
type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to markedly increased enzyme expression
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Arriza, J.L.; Dawson, T.M.; Simerly, R.B.; Martin, L.J.; Caron, M.G.; Snyder, S.H.; Lefkowitz, R.J.
The G-protein-coupled receptor kinases beta ARK1 and beta ARK2 are widely distributed at synapses in rat brain
J. Neurosci.
12
4045-4055
1992
Rattus norvegicus (P26817), Rattus norvegicus (P26819)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Owada, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Kondo, H.
Localization of mRNA for beta-adrenergic receptor kinase in the brain of adult rats
Neurosci. Lett.
144
9-13
1992
Rattus norvegicus (P26817)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Urasawa, K.; Yoshida, I.; Takagi, C.; Onozuka, H.; Mikami, T.; Kawaguchi, H.; Kitabatake, A.
Enhanced expression of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in the hearts of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters, BIO53.58
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
219
26-30
1996
Mesocricetus auratus, Mesocricetus auratus (Q64682), Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Laugwitz, K.L.; Kronsbein, K.; Schmitt, M.; Hoffmann, K.; Seyfarth, M.; Schmig, A.; Ungerer, M.
Characterization and inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase in intact myocytes
Cardiovasc. Res.
35
324-333
1997
Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ungerer, M.; Kessebohm, K.; Kronsbein, K.; Lohse, M.J.; Richardt, G.
Activation of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase during myocardial ischemia
Circ. Res.
79
455-460
1996
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Penela, P.; Ribas, C.; Mayor, F.
Mechanisms of regulation of the expression and function of G protein-coupled receptor kinases
Cell. Signal.
15
973-981
2003
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Oyama, N.; Urasawa, K.; Kaneta, S.; Sakai, H.; Saito, T.; Takagi, C.; Yoshida, I.; Kitabatake, A.; Tsutsui, H.
Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation enhances the expression of G-protein coupled receptor kinases, GRK2 and GRK5, in both the heart and peripheral lymphocytes
Circ. J.
69
987-990
2005
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kageyama, K.; Hanada, K.; Moriyama, T.; Nigawara, T.; Sakihara, S.; Suda, T.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 involvement in desensitization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor type 1 by CRF in murine corticotrophs
Endocrinology
147
441-450
2006
Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ogasawara, J.; Sanpei, M.; Rahman, N.; Sakurai, T.; Kizaki, T.; Hitomi, Y.; Ohno, H.; Izawa, T.
Beta-adrenergic receptor trafficking by exercise in rat adipocytes: roles of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2, beta-arrestin-2, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
FASEB J.
20
350-352
2006
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wang, J.; Liu, X.J.
A G protein-coupled receptor kinase induces Xenopus oocyte maturation
J. Biol. Chem.
278
15809-15814
2003
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Willets, J.M.; Nahorski, S.R.; Challiss, R.A.
Roles of phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms in the regulation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in hippocampal neurons
J. Biol. Chem.
280
18950-18958
2005
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Liebler, J.M.; Borok, Z.; Li, X.; Zhou, B.; Sandoval, A.J.; Kim, K.J.; Crandall, E.D.
Alveolar epithelial type I cells express beta2-adrenergic receptors and G-protein receptor kinase 2
J. Histochem. Cytochem.
52
759-767
2004
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Mangmool, S.; Haga, T.; Kobayashi, H.; Kim, K.M.; Nakata, H.; Nishida, M.; Kurose, H.
Clathrin required for phosphorylation and internalization of beta2-adrenergic receptor by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2)
J. Biol. Chem.
281
31940-31949
2006
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Vinge, L.E.; Andressen, K.W.; Attramadal, T.; Andersen, G.?.; Ahmed, M.S.; Peppel, K.; Koch, W.J.; Freedman, N.J.; Levy, F.O.; Skomedal, T.; Osnes, J.B.; Attramadal, H.
Substrate specificities of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 and -3 at cardiac myocyte receptors provide basis for distinct roles in regulation of myocardial function
Mol. Pharmacol.
72
582-591
2007
Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus (P26819)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lymperopoulos, A.; Rengo, G.; Funakoshi, H.; Eckhart, A.D.; Koch, W.J.
Adrenal GRK2 upregulation mediates sympathetic overdrive in heart failure
Nat. Med.
13
315-323
2007
Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lymperopoulos, A.; Rengo, G.; Zincarelli, C.; Soltys, S.; Koch, W.J.
Modulation of adrenal catecholamine secretion by in vivo gene transfer and manipulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 activity
Mol. Ther.
16
302-307
2008
Rattus norvegicus (P26819)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Molina, E.J.; Gupta, D.; Palma, J.; Gaughan, J.P.; Macha, M.
Right ventricular beneficial effects of beta adrenergic receptor kinase inhibitor (betaARKct) gene transfer in a rat model of severe pressure overload
Biomed. Pharmacother.
63
331-336
2009
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Gupta, D.; Molina, E.J.; Palma, J.; Gaughan, J.P.; Long, W.; Macha, M.
Adenoviral beta-adrenergic receptor kinase inhibitor gene transfer improves exercise capacity, cardiac contractility, and systemic inflammation in a model of pressure overload hypertrophy
Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther.
22
373-381
2008
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Chen, M.; Sato, P.Y.; Chuprun, J.K.; Peroutka, R.J.; Otis, N.J.; Ibetti, J.; Pan, S.; Sheu, S.S.; Gao, E.; Koch, W.J.
Prodeath signaling of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in cardiac myocytes after ischemic stress occurs via extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent heat shock protein 90-mediated mitochondrial targeting
Circ. Res.
112
1121-1134
2013
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Brackley, A.D.; Gomez, R.; Akopian, A.N.; Henry, M.A.; Jeske, N.A.
GRK2 constitutively governs peripheral delta opioid receptor activity
Cell Rep.
16
2686-2698
2016
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Robinson, J.D.; Pitcher, J.A.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a Rho-activated scaffold protein for the ERK MAP kinase cascade
Cell. Signal.
25
2831-2839
2013
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Cannavo, A.; Liccardo, D.; Lymperopoulos, A.; Gambino, G.; DAmico, M.L.; Rengo, F.; Koch, W.J.; Leosco, D.; Ferrara, N.; Rengo, G.
beta Adrenergic receptor kinase c-terminal peptide gene-therapy improves beta2-adrenergic receptor-dependent neoangiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
356
503-513
2016
Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wan, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L.; Guo, Y.; Li, G.; Wu, D.; Wang, Y.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibition improves erectile function through amelioration of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in a rat model of type 2 diabetes
Asian J. Androl.
21
74-79
2019
Rattus norvegicus (P26817)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team