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IUBMB Comments This is a heterogeneous group of serine/threonine protein kinases that do not have an activating compound and are either non-specific or their specificity has not been analysed to date.
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Streptomyces coelicolor The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
+
a [protein]-(L-serine/L-threonine)
=
+
a [protein]-(L-serine/L-threonine) phosphate
Synonyms
protein kinase a, 14-3-3, camkii, p-akt, lrrk2, c-jun n-terminal kinase, serine/threonine kinase, raf-1, protein kinase b, gsk-3,
more
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serine/threonine protein kinase pkaA
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A-T, mutated homolog
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AMH type II receptor
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Anti-sigma B factor rsbT
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Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
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Ataxia telangiectasia mutated homolog
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ATP-protein transphosphorylase
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Breast-tumor-amplified kinase
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Calcium-dependent protein kinase C
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Calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase
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cAMP-dependent protein kinase A
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CDC25 suppressing protein kinase
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Cell division cycle 2-like
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CLP-36 interacting kinase
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cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase
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cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase
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cyclin-dependent kinase
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cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-responsive protein kinase
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hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase
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Kinase interacting with stathmin
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kinase, casein (phosphorylating)
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kinase, protamine (phosphorylating)
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kinase, protein (phosphorylating)
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kinase, protein, A (phosphorylating)
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kinase, protein, C (phosphorylating)
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Lymphocyte-oriented kinase
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M phase-specific cdc2 kinase
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mitogen-activated S6 kinase
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Myristoylated and palmitoylated serine-threonine kinase
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NY-REN-55 antigen
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phosphorylase b kinase kinase
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Pre-mRNA protein kinase
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protein glutamyl kinase
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protein kinase (phosphorylating)
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Protein kinase B kinase
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protein kinase CK2
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Protein kinase Krct
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Protein kinase MST
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protein kinase p58
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Protein kinase PKL12
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protein phosphokinase
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protein serine kinase
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protein serine-threonine kinase
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protein-aspartyl kinase
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protein-cysteine kinase
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protein-serine kinase
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protein-serine/threonine kinase
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PRP4 pre-mRNA processing factor 4 homolog
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ribosomal protein S6 kinase II
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ribosomal S6 protein kinase
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S-receptor kinase
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serine protein kinase
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serine(threonine) protein kinase
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serine-specific protein kinase
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serine-threonine kinase
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Serine/threonine kinase 15
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Serine/threonine kinase Ayk1
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serine/threonine protein kinase
serine/threonine protein kinase afsK
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serine/threonine protein kinase pkaB
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Serine/threonine-protein kinase NRK2
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Serine/threonine-protein kinase NYD-SPK
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Ste20-like kinase
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STE20-like kinase MST1
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STE20-like kinase MST2
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STE20-like kinase MST3
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Switch protein/serine kinase
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threonine-specific protein kinase
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type-2 casein kinase
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serine/threonine kinase
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serine/threonine kinase
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serine/threonine protein kinase
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serine/threonine protein kinase
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phospho group transfer
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ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific)
This is a heterogeneous group of serine/threonine protein kinases that do not have an activating compound and are either non-specific or their specificity has not been analysed to date.
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191808-15-8
phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1
377752-08-4
ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2
389133-24-8
ribosomal S6 kinase 3
52660-18-1
casein kinase, protein kinase CK2
9026-43-1
this CAS Reg. No. encompasses a great variety of protein kinases including the serine/threonine specific kinases
90698-26-3
ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1
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ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
ATP + AfsR
ADP + ?
phosphorylation at both Ser and Thr residues
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-
?
ATP + AfsR protein
ADP + AfsR phosphoprotein
ATP + KbpA
ADP + phospho-KbpA
recombinant His-tagged substrate, 28 kDa
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-
?
ATP + KbpA protein
ADP + phosphorylated KbpA protein
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?
additional information
?
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ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation into both Ser and Tyr residues of AfsK
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?
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
AfsK plays a regulatory role in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus
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?
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
involvement of afsK in the regulation of secondary metabolism
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?
ATP + AfsR protein
ADP + AfsR phosphoprotein
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kinase AfsK specifically phosphorylates AfsR, a transcriptional activator with ATPase activity, starting a signal transduction pathway via induction of AfsS expression, thereby controlling the secondary metabolism of the bacterium, overview
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?
ATP + AfsR protein
ADP + AfsR phosphoprotein
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phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues by activated kinase AfsK, and by PkaG and SCD10.09, the Streptomyces coelicolor strain A3(2) contains more than 40 enzymes phosphorylating the substrate AsfR
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?
additional information
?
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AfsK is a Hanks-type protein kinase
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?
additional information
?
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AfsK, PkaG, and SCD10 perform autophosphorylation
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?
additional information
?
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the recombinant enzyme is autophosphorylated at threonine residues only
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?
additional information
?
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the recombinant enzyme is autophosphorylated at threonine residues only
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?
additional information
?
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recombinant PkaE autophosphorylates at threonine residues only, but not serine or tyrosine residues
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?
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ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
ATP + AfsR protein
ADP + AfsR phosphoprotein
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kinase AfsK specifically phosphorylates AfsR, a transcriptional activator with ATPase activity, starting a signal transduction pathway via induction of AfsS expression, thereby controlling the secondary metabolism of the bacterium, overview
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?
ATP + KbpA protein
ADP + phosphorylated KbpA protein
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?
additional information
?
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AfsK is a Hanks-type protein kinase
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?
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
AfsK plays a regulatory role in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus
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?
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
involvement of afsK in the regulation of secondary metabolism
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?
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ATP
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Mg2+
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KbpA
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an AfsK-binding protein activates and modulates the enzyme activity
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additional information
recombinant PkaE is activated by autophosphorylation at threonine residues only, but not serine or tyrosine residues
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30
assay at
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6.2
calculated from amino acid sequence
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SwissProt
brenda
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additional information
gene pkaE is expressed during the late growth phase in Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) M145, which corresponds to the production time of blue pigments, pkaE is expressed during the late growth phase (60 to 84 h), but not the early growth phase (36 to 48 h)
brenda
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-
brenda
-
brenda
a hydrophobicity plot indicates the presence of a putative transmembrane spanning sequence downstream of the catalytic domain, suggesting that PkaD is a transmembrane protein kinase
brenda
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evolution
the N-terminal region of PkaE is similar to the catalytic domains of several bacterial serine/ threonine protein kinases. In contrast, the C-terminal region of PkaE has no significant sequence similarity to any proteins
malfunction
disruption of chromosomal pkaE results in the overproduction of the actinorhodin-related blue pigment antibiotics
physiological function
the enzyme acts as a negative regulator for blue pigment production
physiological function
enzyme PkaE acts as a negative regulator for production of the secondary metabolites. In addition, PkaE is able to phosphorylate KbpA, a regulator involved in the AfsKAfsR regulatory pathway
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?
x * 55600, calculated from amino acid sequence
?
x * 80000, GST-tagged enzyme, SDS-PAGE
?
x * 89000-94000, recombinant GST-tagged wild-type autophosphorylated enzyme PkaE, SDS-PAGE, x * 79500-80000, recombinant GST-tagged mutant enzymes, SDS-PAGE
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phosphoprotein
phosphorylated mainly at Thr and slightly at Ser
phosphoprotein
phosphorylated mainly at Thr
phosphoprotein
self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation into both Ser and Tyr residues of AfsK
phosphoprotein
-
AfsK is autophosphorylated at serine and threonine residues leading to its activation, PkaG and SCD10.09 are autophosphorylated at serine and threonine residues
phosphoprotein
PkaD is found to be phosphorylated by itsself at the threonine and tyrosine residues
phosphoprotein
recombinant PkaE autophosphorylates at threonine residues only, but not serine or tyrosine residues
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K42Q
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant
K42R
in vitro phosphorylation assay shows that mutant protein is not able to phosphorylate itself
K42N
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant
K42N
in vitro phosphorylation assay shows that mutant protein is not able to phosphorylate itself
additional information
disruption of chromosomal pkaD results in a significant loss of actinorhodin production. This result implies the involvement of pkaD in the regulation of secondary metabolism
additional information
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disruption of chromosomal pkaD results in a significant loss of actinorhodin production. This result implies the involvement of pkaD in the regulation of secondary metabolism
additional information
construction of a gene disruption mutant of pkaE
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glutathione Sepharose column chromatography, and gel filtration
recombinant GST-tagged wild-type enzyme and mutant enzymes, and His-tagged enzyme mutant K42N from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)plysS by glutathione or nickel affinity chromatography, and gel filtration
using Ni-NTA chromatography
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overexpression in Escherichia coli
expressed in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged fusion protein
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
expression in Escherichia coli
expression of AsfK and AsfR in Escherichia coli, expression of PkaG and SCD10.09 in Escherichia coli
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gene pkaE, recombinant expression of GST-tagged wild-type enzyme and mutant enzymes, and of His-tagged enzyme mutant K42N in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)plysS
overexpression in Escherichia coli
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the recombinant enzyme is refolded into active forms by stepwise dialysis against buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM dithiothreitol with decreasing urea concentration of 4, 2, and 1 M at 4 °C for 1 h
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Bentley, S.D.; Chater, K.F.; Cerdeno-Tarraga, A.M.; et al.
Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Nature
417
141-147
2002
Streptomyces coelicolor (P54739), Streptomyces coelicolor (P54740), Streptomyces coelicolor (P54741)
brenda
Urabe, H.; Ogawara, H.
Cloning, sequencing and expression of serine/threonine kinase-encoding genes from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Gene
153
99-104
1995
Streptomyces coelicolor (P54739), Streptomyces coelicolor (P54740)
brenda
Matsumoto, A.; Hong, S.K.; Ishizuka, H.; Horinouchi, S.; Beppu, T.
Phosphorylation of the AfsR protein involved in secondary metabolism in Streptomyces species by a eukaryotic-type protein kinase
Gene
146
47-56
1994
Streptomyces coelicolor (P54741)
brenda
Ueda, K.; Umeyama, T.; Beppu, T.; Horinouchi, S.
The aerial mycelium-defective phenotype of Streptomyces griseus resulting from A-factor deficiency is suppressed by a Ser/Thr kinase of S. coelicolor A3(2)
Gene
169
91-95
1996
Streptomyces coelicolor (P54741), Streptomyces coelicolor
brenda
Horinouchi, S.
AfsR as an integrator of signals that are sensed by multiple serine/threonine kinases in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
30
462-467
2003
Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
brenda
Urabe, H.; Aoyagi, N.; Ogawara, H.; Motojima, K.
Expression and characterization of the Streptomyces coelicolor serine/threonine protein kinase PkaD
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
72
778-785
2008
Streptomyces coelicolor (O83032), Streptomyces coelicolor
brenda
Urabe, H.; Ogawara, H.; Motojima, K.
Expression and characterization of Streptomyces coelicolor serine/threonine protein kinase PkaE
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
79
855-862
2015
Streptomyces coelicolor (Q9ZNB6), Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) M145 (Q9ZNB6)
brenda
Urabe, H.; Ogawara, H.; Motojima, K.
Expression and characterization of Streptomyces coelicolor serine/threonine protein kinase PkaE
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
79
855-862
2015
Streptomyces coelicolor (Q9ZNB6), Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M145 (Q9ZNB6)
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brenda
Transporter Classification Database (TCDB):
8.A.23.1.35 ,
9.B.321.1.1 ,
8.A.104.1.10 ,
1.A.87.2.4 ,
1.I.1.1.3 ,
1.A.87.2.9 ,
8.A.104.1.1 ,
1.A.87.2.6 ,
1.I.1.1.5 ,
9.A.15.1.1 ,
1.A.4.5.8 ,
1.A.4.5.1 ,
1.A.87.2.11 ,
8.A.104.1.9 ,
1.A.87.2.3 ,
8.A.104.1.5 ,
2.A.133.1.3