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Information on EC 2.7.1.30 - glycerol kinase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens and UniProt Accession P32189

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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments
Glycerone and L-glyceraldehyde can act as acceptors; UTP (and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP) can act as donors.
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Select one or more organisms in this record: ?
This record set is specific for:
Homo sapiens
UNIPROT: P32189
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
glycerol kinase, glycerokinase, astp, tk-gk, tbggk, glycerol kinase 2, glycerol kinase 5, atp:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase, atp-stimulated glucocorticoid-receptor translocation promoter, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
ASTP
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ATP-stimulated glucocorticoid-receptor translocation promoter
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ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase
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ATP:glycerol-3-phosphotransferase
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GK
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glyceric kinase
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glycerokinase
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glycerol kinase
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glycerol kinase 5
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kinase, glycerol (phosphorylating)
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additional information
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two alternatively spliced forms, one with a 87 bp insertion corresponding to exon 18 (GK+EX18), and one without insertion (GK-EX18)
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
phospho group transfer
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase
Glycerone and L-glyceraldehyde can act as acceptors; UTP (and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP) can act as donors.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9030-66-4
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
show the reaction diagram
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
show the reaction diagram
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
show the reaction diagram
ATP + glycerol
ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
show the reaction diagram
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
Mg2+
required
Mg2+
required
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
glycerol 3-phosphate
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-
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
7.2
assay at
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
37
assay at
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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Uniprot
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
Gyk isoform b
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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lung cell line
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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white and brown
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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SS6-2 cell, stem cells from fat with myotube characteristics
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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from patients with enzyme deficiency and normal individuals
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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kidney cell line
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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kidney cell line, expresses only isoform GK+EX18
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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adult hepatoblastoma cell line
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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expresses only isoform GK+EX18
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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fetal liver cell line
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
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enzyme activity in various tissues
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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described in the most tissues
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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isoform GK+EX18
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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isoform GK+EX18
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Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
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GK-EX18 has a diffuse expression pattern
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Manually annotated by BRENDA team
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
metabolism
glycerol kinase interacts with nuclear receptor NR4A1 and regulates glucose metabolism in the liver, Gyk interacts with NR4A1 in the nucleus
physiological function
glycerol kinase (Gyk), consisting of 4 isoforms, plays a critical role in metabolism by converting glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate in an ATP-dependent reaction. The nuclear orphan receptor subfamily 4 group A member (NR4A)-1 (also known as Nur77, NGFI-B, NAK-1, or TR3is) an important regulator of hepatic glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. Nuclear Gyk isoform b is a corepressor of NR4A1 in the liver. This recruitment is dependent on the C-terminal ligand-binding domain instead of the N-terminal activation function 1 domain, which interacts with other NR4A1 coregulators. NR4A1 transcriptional activity is inhibited by Gyk via protein-protein interaction but not enzymatic activity. Moreover, Gyk overexpression suppresses NR4A1 ability to regulate the expression of target genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis in vitro and in vivo as well as blood glucose regulation, which is observed in both unfed and diabetic transfected mice. Moonlighting function of nuclear Gyk isozyme b, which acts as a coregulator of NR4A1, participating in the regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis in the unfed state and diabetes. The Gyk activity does not affect the interaction between Gyk and NR4A1, Gyk antagonizes the effects of NR4A1 on hepatic gluconeogenesis in vitro and in vivo
malfunction
silencing GK5 in PC9R cells induces mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis via SREBP1/SCD1 signaling pathway. The exosomal mRNA of GK5 in the plasma of patients with gefitinib-resistant adenocarcinoma is significantly higher compared with that of gefitinib-sensitive patients. GK5 knockdown induces PC9R cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the presence of gefitinib, as well as PC9R cell mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. GK5 knockdown suppresses tumor proliferation in vivo
metabolism
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the enzyme plays an essential role in central and lipid metabolism
physiological function
additional information
NR4A1-Gyk b interaction analysis using protein fragments
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
GLPK_HUMAN
559
0
61245
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4)
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
C256R
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation Gyk766AtoG, inactive mutant
E398D
naturally occurring mutation in patients with glyceroluria, causes a strong decrease in enzyme activity
L61P
naturally occurring mutation in patients with glyceroluria, causes an 5-10-fold increased Km for glycerol
M428T
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation Gyk1283TtoC, inactive mutant
G280A
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naturally occurring mutation in a patient with glyceroluria, causes a strong decrease in enzyme activity, mutation affects a highly conserved amino acid in the ATP-binding domain
additional information
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
60
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in presence of 10 mM glycerol and 1 mM EDTA almost all glycerol kinases can be heated for prolonged periods
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant GST-tagged Gyk from Escherichia coli by glutathione affinity chromatography
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene gyk, recombinant expression of Myc-tagged enzyme Gyk in transfected C57BL/6 mice, CHO and HepG2 cells are cotransfected with pEGFP-NR4A1 and pDsRed-Gyk expression vectors, Interaction analysis of NR4A1 and Gyk isozyme b via yeast 2-hybrid system. Recombinant expression of GST-tagged Gyk in Escherichia coli
both isoforms expressed in COS-7 cells
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expressed in H4IIE cell rat hepatoma cells
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transfection of the enzyme in to adenocarcinma cell lines PC-9 and H1975 using a lentiviral vector (Lv105), quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the mRNA and protein levels of GK5 are significantly upregulated in gefitinib-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma PC9R and H1975 cells compared with gefitinib-sensitive PC9 cells
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
drug development
glycerol kinase 5 (GK5) is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of NSCLC with resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Thorner, J.W.; Paulus, H.
Glycerol and glycerate kinases
The Enzymes,3rd ed. (Boyer,P. D. ,ed. )
8
487-508
1973
Gluconobacter oxydans, Klebsiella aerogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bombus sp., Bos taurus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida mycoderma, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Cavia porcellus, Gallus gallus, Clostridium novyi, Columba sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Felis catus, Geotrichum candidum, Halobacterium salinarum, Homo sapiens, Locusta sp., Mesocricetus auratus, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mus musculus, Mycobacterium sp., Mycobacterium butyricum, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, Neurospora crassa, Nocardia asteroides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rattus norvegicus, Shigella sonnei, trout, Mycobacterium sp. 607
-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ohira, R.H.; Dipple, K.M.; Zhang, Y.H.; McCabe, E.R.
Human and murine glycerol kinase: influence of exon 18 alternative splicing on function
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
331
239-246
2005
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Sjarif, D.R.; Hellerud, C.; van Amstel, J.K.; Kleijer, W.J.; Sperl, W.; Lacombe, D.; Sass, J.O.; Beemer, F.A.; Duran, M.; Poll-The, B.T.
Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation
Eur. J. Hum. Genet.
12
424-432
2004
Homo sapiens (P32189), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wibmer, T.; Otto, J.; Parhofer, K.G.; Otto, C.
Novel mutation (Gly280Ala) in the ATP-binding domain of glycerol kinase causes severe hyperglycerolemia
Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes
113
396-403
2005
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Walmsley, T.A.; Potter, H.C.; George, P.M.; Florkowski, C.M.
Pseudo-hypertriglyceridaemia: a measurement artefact due to glycerol kinase deficiency
Postgrad. Med. J.
84
552-554
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Sriram, G.; Parr, L.S.; Rahib, L.; Liao, J.C.; Dipple, K.M.
Moonlighting function of glycerol kinase causes systems-level changes in rat hepatoma cells
Metab. Eng.
12
332-340
2010
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Jeong, C.Y.; Han, Y.D.; Yoon, J.H.; Yoon, H.C.
Bioelectrocatalytic sensor for triglycerides in human skin sebum based on enzymatic cascade reaction of lipase, glycerol kinase and glycerophosphate oxidase
J. Biotechnol.
175
7-14
2014
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Miao, L.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lai, L.; Wang, L.; Zhan, Y.; Yin, R.; Yu, M.; Li, C.; Yang, X.; Ge, C.
Glycerol kinase interacts with nuclear receptor NR4A1 and regulates glucose metabolism in the liver
FASEB J.
33
6736-6747
2019
Homo sapiens (P32189)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Zhou, J.; Qu, G.; Zhang, G.; Wu, Z.; Liu, J.; Yang, D.; Li, J.; Chang, M.; Zeng, H.; Hu, J.; Fang, T.; Song, Y.; Bai, C.
Glycerol kinase 5 confers gefitinib resistance through SREBP1/SCD1 signaling pathway
J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.
38
96
2019
Homo sapiens (Q6ZS86), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team