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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 2.4.99.9 - lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase
Word Map on EC 2.4.99.9
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
topEC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
2.4.99.9
-
RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
glycosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide alpha-(2->3)-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase
Lactose cannot act as acceptor.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
125752-90-1
-
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) knockout mutant variant, gene St3gal5
Uniprot
-
636877, 637739, 657703, 658723, 658853, 674638, 675938, 688984, 701568, 703916, 705616, 705676, 721691
-
-
SIAT9; 5 different isozymes/mRNA variants of different lengths, overview; ST3GAL5, SIAT9; 5 different isozymes/mRNA variants of different lengths, overview
SwissProt
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
malfunction
-
in SAT-I null mice, hearing ability is impaired at the onset of hearing and is completely lost by 17 days after birth, showing a deformity in hair cells in the organ of Corti, by 2 months of age, the organ of Corti selectively and completely disappears without effect on balance or motor function or in the histology of vestibule. Lack of brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEPs) in SAT-I null mice due to selective degeneration of the organ of Corti. SAT-I null mice maintain the function of stria vascularis. Defect of hearing ability of SAT-I null mice can be attributed to the functional disorganization of the organ of Corti, and the expression of gangliosides, especially GM3, during the early part of the functional maturation of the cochlea can be essential for the acquisition and maintenance of hearing function
malfunction
-
inhibition of ganglioside GM3 synthesis by D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propranol and GM3 synthase-siRNA blocks the caffeic acid phenethyl ester-induced expression of the megakaryocytic markers and differentiation of K-562 cells
malfunction
alpha-L-iduronidase knockout mutant , IDUA KO, mice show reduced expression of GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthases and neuraminidase1 in cerebellum, and a decrease in GM2/GD2 synthase and neuraminidase 1 in the hippocampus. The observed ganglioside changes result from a combined effect of glycosaminoglycans on ganglioside biosynthesis and degradation. C57Bl/6 knockout mice deficient for alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA-KO) represent a murine model for human mucopolysaccharidosis type I, MPS I, an autosomal recessive disease caused by a genetic defect that codifies a lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-L-iduronidase, IDUA, EC. 3.2.1.76
malfunction
-
alpha-L-iduronidase knockout mutant , IDUA KO, mice show reduced expression of GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthases and neuraminidase1 in cerebellum, and a decrease in GM2/GD2 synthase and neuraminidase 1 in the hippocampus. The observed ganglioside changes result from a combined effect of glycosaminoglycans on ganglioside biosynthesis and degradation. C57Bl/6 knockout mice deficient for alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA-KO) represent a murine model for human mucopolysaccharidosis type I, MPS I, an autosomal recessive disease caused by a genetic defect that codifies a lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-L-iduronidase, IDUA, EC. 3.2.1.76
-
metabolism
the enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of GM3 ganglioside, biosynthesis and degradation pathways of a- and b-series gangliosides, overview
metabolism
-
the enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of GM3 ganglioside, biosynthesis and degradation pathways of a- and b-series gangliosides, overview
-
physiological function
-
GM3S knockdown significantly suppresses expression of the ganglioside GM3 and the more complex ganglioside GD3. GM3 synthase silencing in 4T1 cells significantly inhibits cell migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth in vitro, and lung metastasis in vivo. Overexpression of GM3 synthase in nonmetastatic 67NR cells significantly induces cell migration and anchorage-independent growth. GM3S promotes breast cancer cells migration and invasion through the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt pathway, whereas anchorage-independent growth caused by GM3S is not associated with the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt pathway
physiological function
-
overexpression of GM3 synthase in A2780 cells consistently results in elevated ganglioside (GM3, GM2 and GD1a) levels. GM3 synthase overexpressing cells have a growth rate similar to wild-type cells, but show a strongly reduced in vitro cell motility accompanied by reduced levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker alpha smooth muscle actin. Caveolin-1 is markedly upregulated in GM3 synthase overexpressing cells. Higher levels of the inactive form of c-Src are present in GM3 synthase overexpressing cells, associated with a ganglioside- and caveolin-rich detergent insoluble fraction
physiological function
-
M1-SAT-I, M2-SAT-I, and M3-SAT-I isoforms are produced by leaky scanning from mRNA variants of SAT-Ia and SAT-Ib. SAT-I leads to a reduction in GM1b and an increase in GM3, GM1, and GD1a levels. Ganglioside levels in ks-M1-SAT-I-transfected cells are similar to those in ks-M2-SAT-I- or ks-M3-SAT-I-transfected cells. Introduction of ks-M1-SAT-I or ks-M2-SAT-I into CHO cells leads to the production of M3-SAT-I by leaky scanning. M1-SAT-I and M3-SAT-I have a long half-life relative to M2-SAT-I
physiological function
-
the enzyme catalyzes ganglioside GM3 biosynthesis in ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 1-deoxy-1-cholesteryl (N-acetyl)-ethanolaminolactitol
CMP + ?
-
115% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 1-deoxy-1-cholesterylethanolaminolactitol
CMP + ?
-
28% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 1-deoxy-1-cholesterylphospho (N-acetyl)-ethanolaminolactitol
CMP + ?
-
151% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 1-deoxy-1-cholesterylphosphoethanolaminolactitol
CMP + ?
-
60% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 2,3-dicholesteryl-1-beta-lactosylglycerol
?
-
113% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 2-cholesteryl-1-beta-lactosylglycerol
?
-
138% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 3-cholesteryl-1-beta-lactosylglycerol
?
-
163% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + asialoGM1
?
-
27.7% relative activity to lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylgalactosamin-1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + ?
-
i.e. asialo-ganglioside GM1, sialylated at about 84% the rate of lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylgalactosamin-lactosylceramide
CMP + ?
-
14% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-lactosylcholesterol
?
-
138% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + cholesteryl-beta-lactosylpropane-1,3-diol
?
-
143% of activity with lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + galactosylceramide
?
-
30% relative activity to lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + galactosylceramide
CMP + ?
-
sialylated at about 40% the rate of lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + galactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-ceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glucosylceramide
CMP + ?
-
sialylated at about 65% the rate of lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + GM3
?
-
4.5% relative activity to lactosylceramide
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP-Neu5Ac + lactosylceramide
?
-
caveolin-1 is a GM3-interacting protein in GM3 synthase overexpressing cells
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
-
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
-
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
i.e. lactosylceramide, high specificity
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
preferred acceptors have the general structure beta1-O-ceramide, disaccharides are preferred to monosaccharide
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
no acceptors are fetuin, mucin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, glycophorin or their respective asialo-derivatives, gangliosides GD1b, GM3, GM2, GM1 or GD1a
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
brain sialyltransferase shows high activity with d18:1-16:0, d18:1-22:1, and d18:0-18:0 lactosylceramide molecular species, specificity changes when the lipid composition of the neuronal microsomal membrane resembles that of liver Golgi membrane lipids
i.e. ganglioside GM3
-
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
i.e. ganglioside GM3
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
metabolic flux and expression levels of enzymes involved in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway, overview
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
ganglioside GM3 is involved in neuronal cell death
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
synthesizes the first ganglioside of the gangliotetraose series, GM3
-
-
-
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
involved in sequential addition of monosaccharides from sugar nucleotides to non-reducing end of oligosaccharide chains of glycosphingolipids
-
-
-
CMP-sialic acid + galactosylceramide
CMP + ganglioside GM4
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cAMP responsive element binding protein binding site of the hST3Gal V promoter plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of the hST3Gal V gene during HL-60 cell differentiation
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
upregulation of GM3 synthase through protein kinase C/extracellular regulated kinases-dependent cAMP-responsive element binding protein activation results in the differentiation of HL-60 cells by inducing expression of CD11b
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
overexpression of recombinant UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase, GNE, in HEK AD293 cells up-regulates GM3 synthase, while GNE down-regulation by RNA interference or exogenous GM3 and GD3 down-regulates the GM3 synthase
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity of isozymes, no activity with GD3 and GM1a as acceptors, overview
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
substrate specificity of isozymes, no activity with GD3 and GM1a as acceptors, overview
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no acitvity with GM1 or asialofetuin as acceptor
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the -177 to -83 region, which contains a cAMP-responsive element at -143, functions as the valproic acid-inducible promoter by actively binding cAMP-responsive element binding protein. The cAMP-responsive element at -143 is crucial for the valproic acid-induced expression of hST3Gal V in SK-NBE(2)-C cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
mice with a disrupted gene encoding GM3 synthase have an enhanced phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle insulin receptor after ligand binding. They show heightened responses in glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The mutant mice are protected from high-fat diet induced insulin resistance
-
-
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
Q80WL0
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
Q9UNP4
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
Q9QXF5
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide
O88829
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
Q9UNP4
-
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
metabolic flux and expression levels of enzymes involved in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway, overview
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-ceramide
-
ganglioside GM3 is involved in neuronal cell death
-
-
?
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
synthesizes the first ganglioside of the gangliotetraose series, GM3
-
-
-
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + lactosylceramide
CMP + N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide
-
involved in sequential addition of monosaccharides from sugar nucleotides to non-reducing end of oligosaccharide chains of glycosphingolipids
-
-
-
CMP-sialic acid + galactosylceramide
CMP + ganglioside GM4
Q9QXF5
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cAMP responsive element binding protein binding site of the hST3Gal V promoter plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of the hST3Gal V gene during HL-60 cell differentiation
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
upregulation of GM3 synthase through protein kinase C/extracellular regulated kinases-dependent cAMP-responsive element binding protein activation results in the differentiation of HL-60 cells by inducing expression of CD11b
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
overexpression of recombinant UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase, GNE, in HEK AD293 cells up-regulates GM3 synthase, while GNE down-regulation by RNA interference or exogenous GM3 and GD3 down-regulates the GM3 synthase
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
mice with a disrupted gene encoding GM3 synthase have an enhanced phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle insulin receptor after ligand binding. They show heightened responses in glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The mutant mice are protected from high-fat diet induced insulin resistance
-
-
-
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mg2+
Mn2+
additional information
INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(4-Amidinophenyl)-methanesulfonyl fluoride
-
serine protease, 0.02 mM, 48% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1
alpha2-Macroglobulin
-
1 unit, 67% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1, no inhibition of sialyltransferase-1 activity in microsomes
-
Aprotinin
-
serine protease inhibitor, 0.0003 mM, 74% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1
DL-threo-phenyl-2-hexadecanoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-1-propanol
-
inhibitor of ganglioside synthesis, depletion of GM3 synthesis in cultured monocyte-derived macrophages, delays acquisition of CD206 antigen, prevents loss of CD163 antigen and enhances anti-inflammatory cytokine (CCL18) secretion
E-64
-
thiol protease inhibitor, 0.0028 mM, 71% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1, activation of sialytransferase-1 activity in microsomes
Ep-475
-
thiol protease inhibitor, 0.0028 mM, 75% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1; thiol protease inhibitor, 0.0028 mM, 84% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1
Go6976
-
protein kinase C inhibitor, treatment of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced cells reduces expression of GM3 synthase
L-1-chloro-3-[4-tosylamido]-4-phenyl-2-butanone
-
chymotrypsin and thiol protease inhibitor, 0.284 mM, 67% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1
L-1-Chloro-3-[4-tosylamido]-7-amino-2-heptanone-HCl
-
trypsin and thiol protease inhibitor, 0.135 mM, 73% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1
leupeptin
-
serine and thiol protease inhibitor, 0.001 mM, 72% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1, no inhibition of sialyltransferase-1 activity in microsomes
pepstatin A
-
0.001 mM, 72% inhibition of purified sialyltransferase-1, activation of sialyltransferase-1 activity in microsomes
U0126
-
extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor, treatment of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced cells reduces expression of GM3 synthase
additional information
-
overexpression of recombinant UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase, GNE, in HEK AD293 cells up-regulates GM3 synthase, while GNE down-regulation by RNA interference or exogenous GM3 and GD3 down-regulates the GM3 synthase
-
additional information
-
motility of low GM3 synthase expressing cells is reduced in the presence of a Src kinase inhibitor
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by EDTA; not inhibited by Fe2+, Mg2+, IAA, 2-mercaptoethanol
-
additional information
-
inhibition in vivo i.e. stable microsomes not as dramatic as in vitro
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2-mercaptoethanol
-
0.18 mM, 392% activation of purified sialyltransferase-1, 1120% activation of sialytransferase-1 activity in microsomes
Lauryldimethylamine oxide
-
i.e. Ammonyx LO, nonionic/cationic detergent, 12-15fold higher activation than by Triton CF-54, Triton X-100 or beta-octylglucoside
Myrj 59
-
activation, most potent activator, can be replaced by sodium deoxycholate, Triton CF-54, Tween 20, Triton CF-54/Tween 80, ratio 2:1, Triton X-100 or Tween 80, activation efficiency in descending order
Cutscum
-
activation, most potent activator; can be replaced by Triton CF-54, Triton X-100 or Triton CF-54/Tween 80, ratio 2:1, activation efficiency in descending order
-
Triton CF-54/Tween 80
-
ratio 2:1, activation, about 50% as efficient as Cutscum
-
additional information
-
overexpression of recombinant UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase, GNE, in HEK AD293 cells up-regulates GM3 synthase, while GNE down-regulation by RNA interference or exogenous GM3 and GD3 down-regulates the GM3 synthase
-
additional information
-
the enzyme is expressed during the induction of megakaryocytic differentiation in human leukemia K562 cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate depending upon the PKC/ERK/CREB pathway, overview
-
additional information
-
GM3 is up-regulated in glutamate-induced neuronal cell death
-
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.0000027
-
sialyltransferase-1 activity in membrane fraction from brain
additional information
additional information
-
analysis of cell surface and total levels of GM3 in wild-type and transfected cells
additional information
-
activity of ks-M3-SAT-I is about 3fold higher than that of either ks-M1-SAT-I or ks-M2-SAT-I
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5
additional information
pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
expression of GM3S mRNA is greater in the highly metastatic 4T1 tumor cells than in the nonmetastatic 67NR cells
-
in atherosclerosis, excessive GM3 is synthesized in atherosclerotic lesions by macrophages and dendritic cells directly within the arterial walls in blood arteries additionally to the GM3 synthesis in blood plasma, the fatty acid compositions of GM3 from blood plasma low density lipoprotein and from atherosclerotic lesions differ; level of GM3 synthase in membrane-fractions isolated from the atherosclerotic intima are higher compared to those in non-dieased arterial tissue
-
in atherosclerosis, excessive GM3 is synthesized in atherosclerotic lesions by macrophages and dendritic cells directly within the arterial walls in blood vessels additionally to the GM3 synthesis in blood plasma, the fatty acid compositions of GM3 from blood plasma low density lipoprotein and from atherosclerotic lesions differ
-
; excessive GM3 is synthesized in atherosclerotic lesions by macrophages and dendritic cells directly within the arterial walls
-
strain R, elevated enzyme level if cultured in butyrate containing media
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
murine neuroblastoma x rat dorsal root ganglion F-11A cells
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
embryonic carcinoma cell line P19 differentiates into neurons and astrocytes on cell aggregation after treatment with retinoic acid
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
additional information
-
level of GM3 synthase in membrane-fractions isolated from the atherosclerotic intima are higher compared to those in non-dieased arterial tissue
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
three SAT-I isoforms, high transcript level of SAT-Ia and SAT-Ib transcript
-
the cAMP responsive element binding protein binding site of the hST3Gal V promoter plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of the hST3Gal V gene during HL-60 cell differentiation
-
upregulation of GM3 synthase through protein kinase C/extracellular regulated kinases-dependent cAMP-responsive element binding protein activation results in the differentiation of HL-60 cells by inducing expression of CD11b
-
GM3 synthase expression analysis, the enzyme is expressed during the induction of megakaryocytic differentiation in human leukemia K562 cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate depending upon the PKC/ERK/CREB pathway, overview
-
treatment of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced cells with protein kinase C inhibitor Go6976 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor U0126 reduces expression of GM3 synthase. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cAMP response element binding protein is prevented by pretreatment with Go6976 and U0126
-
from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, enzyme level is stimulated by growth in the presence of phytohemagglutinin
-
; excessive GM3 is synthesized in atherosclerotic lesions by macrophages and dendritic cells directly within the arterial walls
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
-
the GM3 synthase gene is expressed at relatively higher levels in the dexamethasone-administered mice than in the control mice
additional information
no enzyme activity in CHO-K1 ovary cells lacking or expressing galactosylceramide synthase. The expression of both the GalCer substrate and endogenous GM3/GM4S is not sufficient to induce GM4 expression in cultured cells
additional information
-
immunohistochemic analysis of tissue distribution of GM3 synthase
additional information
-
in cervix, high levels of SAT-Ia-1 and SAT-Ia-2, whereas very low levels of SAT-Ib-1 and SAT-Ib-2
additional information
no enzyme activity in RPMI 1846 melanoma cells
additional information
ganglioside profile analyses in brain tissues, overview. Tissue dependent ganglioside alteration in IDUA KO mice with a total ganglioside increase in cortex and cerebellum, and a selective presence of GM3, GM2 and GD3 gangliosides in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Evaluation of gene expression of ganglioside synthesis (GM3, GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthases) and degradation of (neuraminidase1) enzymes in the cerebellum and hippocampus by RT-sq-PCR. Percentage distribution of gangliosides in wild-type and IDUA knockout mice, overview
additional information
-
ganglioside profile analyses in brain tissues, overview. Tissue dependent ganglioside alteration in IDUA KO mice with a total ganglioside increase in cortex and cerebellum, and a selective presence of GM3, GM2 and GD3 gangliosides in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Evaluation of gene expression of ganglioside synthesis (GM3, GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthases) and degradation of (neuraminidase1) enzymes in the cerebellum and hippocampus by RT-sq-PCR. Percentage distribution of gangliosides in wild-type and IDUA knockout mice, overview
-
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
exclusively M1-SAT-I, specific multiple arginines arranged in an R-based motif, RRXXXXR necessary for endoplasmic reticulum targeting, in the cytoplasmic tail of M1-SAT-I
the enzyme localizes to a compact juxtanuclear reticulum and partially colocalizes with GM130, a cis-Golgi marker protein
the enzyme localizes to a compact juxtanuclear reticulum and partially colocalizes with GM130, a cis-Golgi marker protein
the enzyme localizes to a compact juxtanuclear reticulum and partially colocalizes with GM130, a cis-Golgi marker protein
-
M2- and M3-SAT-I. Isoform M2-SAT-I is rapidly degraded in the lysosomes, whereas isoform M3-SAT-I is retained in the Golgi apparatus
the enzyme localizes to a compact juxtanuclear reticulum and partially colocalizes with GM130, a cis-Golgi marker protein
-
level of GM3 synthase in membrane-fractions isolated from the atherosclerotic intima are higher compared to those in non-dieased arterial tissue
additional information
-
M1-SAT-I, M2-SAT-I, and M3-SAT-I possess distinct lengths in their NH2-terminal cytoplasmic tails
-
SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
the isozyme transcripts differ in length and the proteins in molecular weight; the isozyme transcripts differ in length and the proteins in molecular weight
additional information
the isozyme transcripts differ in length and the proteins in molecular weight; the isozyme transcripts differ in length and the proteins in molecular weight
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
glycoprotein
glycoprotein
-
N- and O-linked carbohydrate side chains, containing sialic acids in alpha-2,3 and 2,6-linkage, galactose and galactosamine, branched N-glycans containing mannose
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
lauryldimethylamine oxide solubilizes and stabilizes solubilized enzyme during purification and storage
-
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-80°C, 25 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 6.5, 15% w/v lauryldimethylamine oxide, 6-12 months, no loss of activity
-
Purification/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
by immunoaffinity chromatography, to apparent homogeneity, 3600fold, with a yield of 19%
-
Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CHO cells transiently transfected with plasmids encoding SAT-Ia or SAT-Ib, which contains the 5'-untranslated region of each variant. CHO cells stably transfected with ks-M1-SAT-I, ks-M2-SAT-I, or ks-M3-SAT-I, in which GCCACC (ks) is inserted before isoforms M1, M2, or M3. Stable expression in CHO cells of a fusion protein for the NH2-terminus of M1-, M2-, or M3-SAT-I containing the transmembrane region and EGFP (M1-SAT-I(N)-EGFP, M2-SAT-I(N)-EGFP, and M3-SAT-I(N)-EGFP or each M1-SAT-I(N)-EGFP mutant)
-
cloning from HL-60 cells, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic organization of isozymes, mRNA variants differ in the 5'-untranslated region, in vitro transcription and translation using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, expression in murine MG1361 cells, a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line; cloning from placenta, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic organization of isozymes, mRNA variants differ in the 5'-untranslated region, in vitro transcription and translation using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, expression in murine MG1361 cells, a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line; type 1-4 isozymes, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic organization of isozymes, mRNA variants differ in the 5'-untranslated region, in vitro transcription and translation using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, expression in murine MG1361 cells, a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line
expression as fusion proteins with red fluorescent protein in murine neuroblastoma F-11A cells
-
from HL-60 cell DNA, expression of His6-tagged fragment comprising residues 191-245
-
functional expression in HT22 cells, GM3 levels are increased in immortalized mouse hippocampal HT22 cells after exposure to glutamate, GM3 not only mediates the effect of glutamate on the oxidative death of HT22 cells but also acts, in itself, as a modulator of in vivo neuronal cell death, overview
-
gene hST3Gal V, promoter analysis using 5'-deletion constructs to elucidate transcriptional regulation reveals that the -432 to -177 region functions as the serum deprivation-inducible promoter. The Runx2 binding sites locate side-by-side at positions -232 and -222 and are essential for the serum deprivation-induced expression of hST3Gal V in MG-63 cells, quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the expression levels of osteoblastic markers and hST3Gal V in serum deprivation-induced MG-63 cells
-
gene St3gal5, semi-quantitative PCR enzyme expression analysis in brain tissues of wild-type and IDUA knockout mice
SAT-1 cDNA cloned into plasmid expression vector pRc/CMV under control of CMV promoter, overexpression in A2780 ovarian tumor cells
-
three pairs of oligonucleotides, corresponding to different regions of murine GM3S encoding gene, annealed and inserted into BglII/HindIII double digested pMEHMpuro, yielding the vectors pMEHM-siGM3S1, pMEHM-siGM3S2, and pMEHMsiGM3S3. Full-length GM3S encoding gene amplified from the total RNA of 4T1 cells and inserted into XhoI/EcoRI double digested pMSCVpuro, resulting in the GM3S expression vector pMSCV-GM3S. Overexpressed in non-metastatic 67NR cells
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
enzyme mRNA levels are significantly lower (64%) in mouse muscles of a model of hereditary inclusion body myopathy harboring the M712T mutation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase compared to control mice
-
expression level of M3-SAT-I decreases remarkably in cells carrying the mSAT-Ib m1 in which the nucleotide sequence from position -6 to -1 at the M2 site is switched for GCCACC
-
expression of GM3S in the highly metastatic 4T1 cell line silenced by RNA interference. Expression of the GM3S siRNAs siGM3S2 and siGM3S3, but not that of siGM3S1, drastically reduces expression of GM3S mRNA in 4T1 cells
-
GM3 synthase mRNA is significantly increased (mediated by specificity protein 1) in transforming growth factor-beta1-induced HLE B-3 cells
-
GM3 synthase mRNA levels are significantly higher in differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages compared to monocytes and in atherosclerotic aorta compared to normal aorta
-
SAT-1 mRNA level and GM3 synthase activity in vitro are markedly upregulated in 3 SAT-1-transfected clones with respect to wild-type and mock-transfected A2780 cells
-
serum deprivation triggers upregulation of hST3Gal V gene expression through runt-related transcription factor 2, Runx2, activation by bone morphogenetic protein-2, BMP-2, signaling in osteoblastic MG-63 cells. The induction of hST3Gal V expression by serum deprivation is regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels
-
the activity of GM3 synthase in blood mononuclear cells from atherosclerotic patients is 4.6fold higher than those from healthy subjects
-
the transcriptional activity of the enzyme is induced 2.4fold by 1 mM valproic acid in ARPE-19 cells
-
transcriptional activity of lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase and synthesis of ganglioside GM3 are increased by caffeic acid phenethyl ester, CAPE, treatment, which induces a majority of K-562 cells to differentiate towards the megakaryocytic lineage. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces the expression of GM3 synthase mRNA via activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), transcription factor in the nucleus
-
valproic acid induces hST3Gal V mRNA expression in SK-N-BE(2)-C cells. A cAMP-responsive element at -143 is essential for transcriptional activation of hST3Gal V in valproic acid-induced SK-N-BE(2)-C cells. Subsequent cAMP-responsive element binding protein binding to this cAMP-responsive element mediates valproic acid-dependent upregulation of hST3Gal V gene expression
-
ENGINEERING
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
DELTA28-55
-
M1-SAT-I(N)-EGFP mutant, changes its localization from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
M28/56A
-
ks-M1-SAT-I mutant, subcellular localization and stability similar to those of the wild-type. Activity is similar to that of ks-M1-SAT-I. Amounts of gangliosides in the ks-M1-SAT-I M28/56A mutant-transfected cells are greatly reduced compared with those of cells transfected with the other isoforms or mutants
M29A
-
ks-M1-SAT-I mutant, activity is decreased to ca. 50%, relative to the activity of ks-M2-SAT-I
R11S/R12S
-
M1-SAT-I(N)-EGFP mutant, results in a shift of localization from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
R11S/R17S
-
M1-SAT-I(N)-EGFP mutant, shifts its localization to the Golgi apparatus
R12S/R17S
-
M1-SAT-I(N)-EGFP mutant, shifts its localization to the Golgi apparatus
additional information
additional information
the expression of both the GalCer substrate and endogenous GM3/GM4S is not sufficient to induce GM4 expression in cultured cells. Overexpression of the GM3/GM4S gene is required to express GM4 in CHO-K1/GalCerS cells
additional information
-
overexpression of recombinant UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase, GNE, in HEK AD293 cells up-regulates GM3 synthase, while GNE down-regulation by RNA interference or exogenous GM3 and GD3 down-regulates the GM3 synthase
additional information
-
construction of the mutant plasmid pGL3-432muRunx2 for transfection of MG-63 cells
additional information
the cell surface expression of GM4 detected by anti-GM4 antibody is markedly increased in RPMI 1846 cells upon transient transfection of the GM3/GM4S gene, phenotype, overview. Overexpression of the GM3/GM4S gene is required to express GM4 in RPMI 1846 cells
additional information
comparisons of relative expressions of ganglioside metabolism genes in wild-type and IDUA knockout mice, overview
additional information
-
comparisons of relative expressions of ganglioside metabolism genes in wild-type and IDUA knockout mice, overview
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
medicine
medicine
-
GM3 synthase may be of value as a therapeutic target in breast cancer
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