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Information on EC 2.4.1.38 - beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens and UniProt Accession O60909
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2.4.1.38 beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
Terminal N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl residues in polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycopeptides can act as acceptor. High activity is shown towards such residues in branched-chain polysaccharides when these are linked by beta-1,6-links to galactose residues; lower activity towards residues linked to galactose by beta-1,3-links. A component of EC 2.4.1.22 (lactose synthase).
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.38
-
galts
-
galactosylate
- synthesis
- alpha-lactalbumin
-
p34cdc2-related
- beta4galts
- drug development
- pharmacology
- medicine
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
beta1,4gt1, beta4galt-ii, beta1,4-gt 1, galt v, beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1, galti, galnact2, betagalt, 4betagalt, beta1,4-galt1, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
acetyllactosamine synthetase
-
-
-
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beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
beta-N-acetyl-beta1-4-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
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beta-N-acetylglucosaminide beta1-4-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1
beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 7
beta1,4-GT
-
-
-
-
beta1-4-galactosyltransferase
beta1-4GalT
-
-
-
-
beta4Gal-T1
Gal-T
-
-
-
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-acetylglucosamine
-
-
-
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GALT
GalTase
-
-
-
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glycoprotein 4-beta-galactosyl-transferase
-
-
-
-
glycoprotein beta-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
lactosamine synthase
-
-
-
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lactosamine synthetase
-
-
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lactose synthetase A protein
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-
-
-
N-acetyllactosamine synthetase
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-
-
-
NAL synthetase
-
-
-
-
thyroid galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
thyroid glycoprotein beta-galactosyltransferase
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-
-
-
UDP-beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
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-
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-
UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine beta1-4-galactosyltransferase
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-
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UDP-galactose N-acetylglucosamine beta-4-galactosyltransferase
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-
-
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UDP-galactose-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
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UDP-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
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-
-
-
UDP-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase
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-
-
-
UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosaminide beta1-4-galactosyltransferase
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-
-
-
UDPgalactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose-N-acetylglucosamine beta-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose:N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1-4)galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
beta1-4-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
functional role of Trp310 residue located in the small loop near the active site of the enzyme
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
reaction mechanism and structural changes
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
reaction mechanism, structure-function relationship, upon binding of metal ion and sugar-nucleotide, the flexible loops undergo a marked conformational change, from an open to a closed conformation. Conformational change simultaneously creates at the C-terminal region of the flexible loop an oligosaccharide acceptor binding site that did not exist before. The loop acts as a lid covering the bound donor substrate. After completion of the transfer of the glycosyl unit to the acceptor, the saccharide product is ejected and the loop reverts to its native conformation to release the remaining nucleotide moiety
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
-
-, -, -, -, -, -
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide 4-beta-galactosyltransferase
Terminal N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl residues in polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycopeptides can act as acceptor. High activity is shown towards such residues in branched-chain polysaccharides when these are linked by beta-1,6-links to galactose residues; lower activity towards residues linked to galactose by beta-1,3-links. A component of EC 2.4.1.22 (lactose synthase).
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
37237-43-7
-
9054-94-8
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-galactose + benzyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
UDP + benzyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + TTTVTP-(GlcNAcbeta1-6[Galbeta1-3]GalNAcalpha1-)TG
UDP + TTTVTP-(Galbeta-1-4GlcNAcbeta1-6[Galbeta1-3]GalNAcalpha1-)TG
pH 7.0, 0.2 mM, 2% activity in A549 cells, 14% activity in H292 cells relative to benzyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
?
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP-galactose + 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
UDP + beta-D-galactopyranosyl-1,4-xylopyranosyl-1-O-4-nitrophenol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3-Manbeta-OR
?
an N-linked biantennary oligosaccharide chain, one antenna is attached to the 3-hydroxyl-(1,2-1,3-arm) group of mannose, which is beta-1,4-linked to an N-linked chitobiose, attached to the aspargine residue of a protein
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6 (GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3)Man
?
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6-Manbeta-OR
?
an N-linked biantennary oligosaccharide chain, one antenna is attached to the 3-hydroxyl-(1,2-1,6-arm) group of mannose, which is beta-1,4-linked to an N-linked chitobiose, attached to the aspargine residue of a protein
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + GlcNAcbeta1,4-Manalpha1,3-Manbeta-OR
?
an N-linked biantennary oligosaccharide chain, one antenna is attached to the 3-hydroxyl-(1,4-1,3-arm) group of mannose, which is beta-1,4-linked to an N-linked chitobiose, attached to the aspargine residue of a protein
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
for the binding of GlcNAc in the monosaccharide binding site of beta4Gal-T1, there is a hydrophobic N-acetyl group-binding pocket formed by residues Arg359, Phe360, and Ile363 from the ?-helix region in the closed conformation of the long loop, the sugar donor specificity of beta4Gal-T1 toward galactose is determined by the Tyr residue at position 289 in the binding pocket. The two proteins beta4Gal-T1 and alpha-lactalbukin crystallize together as a complex only in the presence of either donor substrate or acceptor Glc or GlcNAc to form lactose synthase. The specificity of the sugar donor is generally determined by a few residues in the sugar-nucleotide binding pocket. The conformational change in beta4Gal-T1 also creates the binding site for a mammary gland-specific protein, alpha-lactalbumin, which changes the acceptor specificity of the enzyme toward glucose to synthesize lactose during lactation
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP-glucose + 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
UDP + 4-O-beta-D-galactosyl-beta-D-glucose
-
1.5% activity with UDO-glucose compared to UDP-galactose
-
-
?
UDP-glucuronic acid + 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
UDP + ?
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
?
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
UDP + ?
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + degalactosylated fetuin
UDP + fetuin containing beta-1,4-galactose linkages
UDPgalactose + GlcNAcbeta-S-p-NP
UDP + Galbeta1-4 GlcNAcbeta-S-p-NP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + GlcNAcbeta1-6(GlcNAcbeta1-2)Manalpha1-3Manbeta1-O(CH2)8COOCH2-mNP
UDP + Galbeta1-4 GlcNAcbeta1-6(GlcNAcbeta1-2)Manalpha1-3Manbeta1-O(CH2)8COOCH2-mNP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosaminyl at the non-reducing ends of protein-bound oligosaccharides
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
the enzyme effectively galactosylates the GlcNAcbeta1,6Man arm of the highly branched N-glycans that are characteristic of glioma, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
the enzyme transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine residues of the branched N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
catalytic cycle: Mn2+ binds first before UDP-Gal, two flexible loops, a long and a short loop, change their conformation from open to closed
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
residue Y285 alone is responsible for determination of enzyme substrate specificity, overview, active site structure, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
UDP-Gal-Mn2+ substrate binding structure, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
100% activity with UDP-galactose
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + degalactosylated fetuin
UDP + fetuin containing beta-1,4-galactose linkages
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + degalactosylated fetuin
UDP + fetuin containing beta-1,4-galactose linkages
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + glucose
lactose + UDP
-
in presence of alpha-lactalbumin
-
?
UDPgalactose + glucose
lactose + UDP
-
in presence of alpha-lactalbumin
-
?
UDPgalactose + glucose
lactose + UDP
enzyme has no lactose synthase activity in presence of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosamine
UDP + N-acetyllactosamine
7% of the activity with GlcNAcbeta-S-pNP
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosaminyl at the non-reducing ends of protein-bound oligosaccharides
?
-
the enzyme may be involved in the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, lacto-N-neotetraose and probably lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide in addition to the formation of the Galbeta1-4GlcNAc group of glycoprotein sugar chains and lactose
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosaminyl at the non-reducing ends of protein-bound oligosaccharides
?
-
main enzyme responsible for the transfer of galactose residues from UDPgalactose into terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues of complex-type oligosaccharides in newly synthesized glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus. Deficiency of UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId, a severe neurologic disease characterized by a hydrocephalus, myopathy and blood-clotting defects
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme activity might be involved in apoptotic pathway in hepatocarcinoma cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
decreasing the expression of GalT V in glioma cells promotes apoptosis, inhibits the invasion and migration and the ability of tumor formation in vivo, and reduces the activation of AKT, the enzyme functions as a glioma growth activator, overview, contribution of GalT V in the activation of AKT and MAPK kinase, contribution of serum or EGF in the transcription regulation of the GalT V gene, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
downregulation of the enzyme inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide, while ectopically expressed beta1,4-GT 1 increases CDK11p58-mediated apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cell surface enzyme promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway via inhibition of the autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor especially at Try 1068, mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
tumor beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase IV overexpression is closely associated with colorectal cancer metastasis and poor prognosis, relationships between tumor beta-1,4-GT-IV overexpression and clinicopathologic characteristics, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta-1,4-GTs are a family of glycosyltransferases responsible for biosynthesizing N-acetyllactosamine by the transfer of a galactose from UDP-galactose to the terminal N-acetylgluosamine of acceptor sugars in glycoproteins or glycolipids with a beta-1,4-linkage
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
complex penta-antennary N-glycan structure, detailed substrate binding structure analysis of the wild-type and mutant M340H enzymes, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity of wild-type and mutant Y289L enzymes, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta 1,4GalT V galactosylates the beta1,6-GlcNAc branch of N-glycans at the cell surface and of secreted glycoproteins, and functions as a positive regulator in glioma development, overview. As2O3-induced gioma cell apoptosis mechanism involves beta 1,4GalT V inhibition, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta-1,4-galactosylransferase participates in the synthesis of Galbeta1-4-GlcNac disaccharide unit of glycoconjugates, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the specific inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase LY294002 and wortmannin up-regulate beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I and thus sensitize SMMC-7721 human hepatocarcinoma cells to cycloheximide-induced apoptosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta4Gal-T1 participates in the synthesis of Galbeta1-4-GlcNac disaccharide unit of glycoconjugates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
UDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetyl galactosamine are no substrates for soluble beta1,4-GalT7
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosaminyl at the non-reducing ends of protein-bound oligosaccharides
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
-
the enzyme effectively galactosylates the GlcNAcbeta1,6Man arm of the highly branched N-glycans that are characteristic of glioma, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide
the enzyme transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine residues of the branched N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosaminyl at the non-reducing ends of protein-bound oligosaccharides
?
-
the enzyme may be involved in the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, lacto-N-neotetraose and probably lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide in addition to the formation of the Galbeta1-4GlcNAc group of glycoprotein sugar chains and lactose
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + N-acetylglucosaminyl at the non-reducing ends of protein-bound oligosaccharides
?
-
main enzyme responsible for the transfer of galactose residues from UDPgalactose into terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues of complex-type oligosaccharides in newly synthesized glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus. Deficiency of UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId, a severe neurologic disease characterized by a hydrocephalus, myopathy and blood-clotting defects
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme activity might be involved in apoptotic pathway in hepatocarcinoma cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
decreasing the expression of GalT V in glioma cells promotes apoptosis, inhibits the invasion and migration and the ability of tumor formation in vivo, and reduces the activation of AKT, the enzyme functions as a glioma growth activator, overview, contribution of GalT V in the activation of AKT and MAPK kinase, contribution of serum or EGF in the transcription regulation of the GalT V gene, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
downregulation of the enzyme inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide, while ectopically expressed beta1,4-GT 1 increases CDK11p58-mediated apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cell surface enzyme promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway via inhibition of the autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor especially at Try 1068, mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
tumor beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase IV overexpression is closely associated with colorectal cancer metastasis and poor prognosis, relationships between tumor beta-1,4-GT-IV overexpression and clinicopathologic characteristics, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta 1,4GalT V galactosylates the beta1,6-GlcNAc branch of N-glycans at the cell surface and of secreted glycoproteins, and functions as a positive regulator in glioma development, overview. As2O3-induced gioma cell apoptosis mechanism involves beta 1,4GalT V inhibition, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta-1,4-galactosylransferase participates in the synthesis of Galbeta1-4-GlcNac disaccharide unit of glycoconjugates, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the specific inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase LY294002 and wortmannin up-regulate beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I and thus sensitize SMMC-7721 human hepatocarcinoma cells to cycloheximide-induced apoptosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta4Gal-T1 participates in the synthesis of Galbeta1-4-GlcNac disaccharide unit of glycoconjugates
-
-
?
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mn2+
Mn2+
-
the catalytic domain has two flexible loops, a long and a small one, with the primary metal binding site being located at the N-terminal hinge region of the long flexible loop
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2,4-dideoxy-4-methoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-4-amino-2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-Dgalactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-4-azido-2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-Dgalactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-methoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-Dgalactopyranoside
-
5'-alpha-D-galactopryanosyl-diphospho-5-[5-({[1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)thiophene-2-yl]uridine
-
-
uridine 5'-(6-amino-(2-[(7-bromomethyl-2-naphthyl)methoxycarbonylmethoxy]ethoxy)acetyl-6-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl) diphosphate
-
irreversible, modifies residue Trp310
uridine 5'-(6-amino-(2-[(7-methyl-2-naphthyl)methoxycarbonylmethoxy]ethoxy)acetyl-6-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl) diphosphate
-
-
uridine 5'-(6-O-[10-(2-naphthyl)-3,6,9-trioxadecanyl]-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)diphosphate
-
competitive versus UDP-Gal, blocks acceptor substrate binding by the enzyme in presence of Mn2+
alpha-lactalbumin
-
inhibits reaction with UDPgalactose and N-acetylglucosamine
-
alpha-lactalbumin
-
cellular adhesion ability of dendritic cells is inhibited by alpha-lactalbumin via interference with cell surface GalTI
-
additional information
-
development and synthesis of mechanism-based inhibitors, structure analysis, overview
-
additional information
-
As2O3 significantly decreases beta 1,4GalT V expression level in in glioma cells, which increases the glioma cell apoptosis induced by As2O3, overviewoverview
-
additional information
-
structural features for rational design of specific inhibitors, overview
-
additional information
-
the constitutively active Akt protein, myr-Akt, inhibits CHX-induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells through downregulating beta1,4GT1
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by CDP, UDP-mannose, and UDP-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
alpha-lactalbumin
-
stimulates transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to N-acetylgalactosamine
-
alpha-lactalbumin
-
modulates the enzyme's acceptor specificity, but does not interact with the sugar donor-binding site of beta4Gal-T1. Instead, interacting with the extended sugar-binding site of the closed conformer of beta4Gal-T1 in the enzyme-sugar nucleotide complex, lactalbumin stabilizes the complex, thereby facilitating the transfer of the sugar moiety from the less preferred sugar nucleotides to a monosaccharide, it kinetically enhances the transfer of the sugar residue from the less preferred sugar nucleotides to a monosaccharide, GlcNAc, lactalbumin binding site structure of beta4Gal-T family members, overview, modulation mechanism, overview
-
additional information
-
the activity of GalT V promoter can be induced by epidermal growth factor, dominant active Ras, ERK1, JNK1, and constitutively active AKT
-
additional information
-
the specific inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase LY294002 and wortmannin up-regulate beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I through enhancing Sp1 protein expression, and thus sensitize SMMC-7721 human hepatocarcinoma cells to cycloheximide-induced apoptosis, overview
-
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.28
UDP-glucose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
4
UDP-glucuronic acid
-
Km above 4 mM, purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
10
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
-
Km above 10 mM, purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.16
UDP-xylose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.16
4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
-
purified beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.27
4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.35
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195R, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.35
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.44
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R226A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.46
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R226K, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.54
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R270K, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.55
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195Q, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.59
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme Y199F, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.6
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R270A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.64
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.06
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme Y196F, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.85
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
-
purified beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
1.27
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.22
UDP-alpha-D-galactose
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.23
UDP-galactose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.31
UDP-galactose
-
purified beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.2
UDPgalactose
-
reaction with glucose, wild-type enzyme and N-deglycosylated recombinant enzyme
additional information
additional information
-
effects of cationic polypeptides
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km-value for ovalbumin for the N-deglycosylated recombinant enzyme is 6 mg/ml, and 15 mg/ml for th recombinant enzyme
-
additional information
additional information
kinetics, implications of the oligosaccharide structures on the kinetic parameters, overview
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics, mutant enzyme, overview
-
TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1.13
4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
1.52
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
1.14
UDP-galactose
-
Km above 0.003 mM, purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.02
UDP-glucose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.003
UDP-glucuronic acid
-
Km above 0.003 mM, purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.003
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
-
Km above 0.003 mM, purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.01
UDP-xylose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.5
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme Y196F, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.77
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R270A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.82
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R270K, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.89
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R226A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.2
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme Y199F, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.35
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R226K, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.49
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195R, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.51
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.62
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195Q, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.93
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.51
UDP-alpha-D-galactose
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
4.93
UDP-galactose
-
Km above 0.003 mM, purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.07
UDP-glucose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.065
UDP-xylose
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.47
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme Y196F, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.2
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R270A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.42
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R270K, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.87
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R226A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.88
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme Y199F, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
2.92
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme R226K, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
2.95
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195Q, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
3
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195A, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
4.03
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
mutant enzyme H195R, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
4.17
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
7.08
UDP-alpha-D-galactose
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.06
4-methylumbelliferyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-xylopyranoside
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.28
4-methylumbelliferyl 4-deoxy-beta-D-xylopyranoside
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
1.93
TDP
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.61
UDP
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
0.0223
uridine 5'-(6-amino-(2-[(7-methyl-2-naphthyl)methoxycarbonylmethoxy]ethoxy)acetyl-6-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl) diphosphate
-
-
0.00186
uridine 5'-(6-O-[10-(2-naphthyl)-3,6,9-trioxadecanyl]-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)diphosphate
-
-
1.65
UTP
-
purified maltose-binding protein-beta1,4-GalT7, in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM MnCl2, at 37°C
IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.03
4-methylumbelliferyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-xylopyranoside
Homo sapiens
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.53
4-methylumbelliferyl 4-deoxy-beta-D-xylopyranoside
Homo sapiens
recombinant wild type enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.012
5-(5-formylthien-2-yl)-UDP-alpha-D-galactose
Homo sapiens
-
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
1
5-(5-formylthien-2-yl)-uridine
Homo sapiens
-
IC50 above 1.0 mM, pH and temperature not specified in the publication
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.5
-
reaction with N-acetylglucosamine and UDPgalactose, reaction with alpha1-acid glycoprotein and UDPgalactose
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
37
30
-
reaction with N-acetylglucosamine and UDPgalactose, reaction with alpha1-acid glycoprotein and UDPgalactose
TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
expression of beta1,4-GalT-I increases in the cartilage and synovial tissue of osteoarthritis patients compared with healthy controls
-
of patients with colorectal cancer 48% have down-regulated expression of beta-1,4-GT-IV in the tumor tissue, while 28% of patients exhibit elevated beta-1,4-GT-IV levels, the patient group with tumor beta-1,4-GT-IV overexpression strongly predicts for tumor metastasis, overview
-
highly metastatic lung cancer cells, elevated levels of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I as compared to its less metastatic partner PGLH7 cells. Essential role for the transcription activator E1AF in the activation of human GalTI gene in highly metastatic lung cancer cells
-
expression of beta1,4-GalT-I increases in the cartilage and synovial tissue of osteoarthritis patients compared with healthy controls
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
beta4Gal-T1 is a trans-Golgi glycosyltransferase, Glyco-T, with a type II membrane protein topology, a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a membrane-spanning region, as well as a stem and a C-terminal catalytic domain facing the trans-Golgi-lumen
additional information
-
subcellular distribution, Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum exchange kinetics, approximately 90:10 Golgi-to-ER distribution, two-compartment model for Golgi glycosyltransferase cycling, overview
-
-
cisternal space of the Golgi apparatus being distributed from cis to trans
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
malfunction
-
adhesion of blastocysts cells in vitro is greatly inhibited when beta 1,4-GalT-I is blocked with the specific antibody
malfunction
-
decreasing the expression of beta1,4GalT V by RNA interference in glioma cells attenuates the formation of polylactosamine and inhibits the ability of tumor formation in vivo. Down-regulation of beta1,4GalT V depletes CD133-positive cells in glioma xenograft, and inhibits the self-renewal capacity and the tumorigenic potential of glioma-initiating cells
malfunction
-
lobe B depletion of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex severely alters the stability of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase1 (B4GALT1) and alpha2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1)
malfunction
-
the knock-down of the B4GALT1 gene and the inhibition of membrane B4GALT1 function results in the significant inhibition of estrogen-induced proliferation of MCF-7 cells
physiological function
-
beta1,4GalT II may serve as a target gene of p53 transcription factor during adriamycin-induced HeLa cell apoptosis
physiological function
-
beta4Gal-T1 interacts with alpha-lactalbumin to form the lactose synthase complex that transfers galactose from UDP-alpha-D-Gal to glucose, producing the lactose secreted in milk
physiological function
-
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 and UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase polypeptide1 physically associate in vitro and in cultured cells recruiting one another to the endoplasmic reticulum
physiological function
-
in Neuro2a cells it is shown that beta4GalT-II associates with glucuronyltransferase. beta4GalT-II enhances kinetic efficacy of glucuronyltransferase. Co-expression of beta4GalT-II and glucuronyltransferase increase HNK-1 expression on various glycoproteins in N2a cells, including neural cell adhesion molecule
physiological function
-
the specific enzyme complex of beta4GalT-II with glucuronyltransferase plays an important role in the biosynthesis of human natural killer-1 carbohydrate
physiological function
-
direct interaction between the enzyme and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor activation in hepatocellular carcinoma
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). B4GT2_HUMAN
372
1
41972
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
70000
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
structure analysis, in vivo and invitro folding analysis, open and closed conformation change of the enzyme upon Mn2+ and substrate binding, overview
additional information
-
beta4Gal-T1 is a trans-Golgi glycosyltransferase, Glyco-T, with a type II membrane protein topology, a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a membrane-spanning region, as well as a stem and a C-terminal catalytic domain facing the trans-Golgi-lumen. The two proteins beta4Gal-T1 and alpha-lactalbukin crystallize together as a complex only in the presence of either donor substrate or acceptor Glc or GlcNAc to form lactose synthase
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
glycoprotein
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
mutant enzyme M340H/C338T in complex with Glc-NAcbeta1-3Galbeta-O-naphthalenemethanol, hanging drop vapor diffusion method, using MES-NaOH buffer (pH 6.0), 1.5 M ammonium sulfate, and 3% dioxane
purified recombinant M340H-Gal-T1 mutant in the open conformation as apo-enzyme, and its Mn2+ and Mn2+-UDP-Gal-bound complexes, hanging-drop vapor diffusion method using a protein solution at 10 mg/ml concentration with a precipitant containing sodium citratebuffer, pH 5.5, and 10% w/v PEG-4000, the crystals of the Mn2+ complex are grown in the droplet containing 10 mM MnCl2, while the crystals containing UDP-Gal and Mn2+ are grown in the presence of 17 mM each of MnCl2 and UDPGal, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 1.7-2.0 A resolution
-
purified wild-type and M340H mutant enzymes in complex with pentasaccharide GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6 (GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3) and trisaccharide GlcNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAc substrates, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 1.9-2.0 A resolution
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
M340H
site-directed mutagenesis, substrate binding structure in comparison to the wild-type enzyme, overview
M344H
-
in the presence of Mg2+ the mutant exhibits 25% of the catalytic activity compared to the wild type enzyme in the presence of Mn2+. Although the mutant has higher Km in the presence of Mg2+ for the substrates compared to the wild type enzyme in the presence of Mn2+, the catalytic efficiency with respect to donor and acceptor has decreased by an order of about 13 and 6, respectively. The turnover number of the mutant is only reduced to 60%
R228K
-
the mutation enhances the glucosyltransferase activity of beta4GalNAc-T1, which is low for the wild-type enzyme, by steric alterations, overview
W312C/P401C
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutations facilitate invitro folding of the recombinantly expressed enzyme
W312C/P401C/M340H
-
site-directed mutagenesis, substrate binding structure in comparison to the wild-type enzyme, overview
Y268G
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme is less active compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y268G/Y294G
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme is less active compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y285I
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation converts the betaGALT1 enzyme into an equally efficient beta4GalNAc-T1, EC 2.4.1.90
Y285L
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation converts the betaGALT1enzyme into an equally efficient beta4GalNAc-T1, EC 2.4.1.90
Y289I
-
the mutation makes the enzyme equally as efficient as Gal- or GalNAc-transferase
Y289L
Y289L/C342T
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant is able to transfer GalNAc from the sugar donor UDP-GalNAc to the acceptor, GlcNAc, with efficiency as good as that of galactose from UDP-Gal, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme, mutant substrate specificity with different donor substrate and oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates, mass spectrometry product analysis, overview, the C342T mutation does not alter enzyme activity, but increases the enzyme stability at room temperature
Y289N
-
the mutation makes the enzyme equally as efficient as Gal- or GalNAc-transferase
Y294G
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme is less active compared to the wild-type enzyme
additional information
Y289L
-
mutation of the beta4GalNAc-T1 converts the enzyme to a beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-1, beta4Gal-T1. Substituting Tyr289 for Leu removes this restriction and the Tyr289Leu mutant can now transfer GalNAc or other Gal C2-analogues from their respective UDPderivatives, not normally substrates of the enzyme, to the acceptor GlcNAc with the same efficiency with which the wild-type enzyme transfers Gal from UDP-Gal, phenotype, overview
Y289L
-
the mutation makes the enzyme equally as efficient as Gal- or GalNAc-transferase
additional information
-
autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, and phosphorylation of protein kinase B, PKB/Akt, and extracellular signalregulated protein kinase1/2,ERK1/2, which are downstream molecules of EGFR, are reduced in cell surface beta1,4GT1-overexpressing SMMC-7721 cells, phenotype, overview, knockdown of beta1,4GT1 by siRNA increases the autophosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr1068
additional information
-
RNAi-mediated knockdown of beta1,4-GT 1 inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide, while ectopically expressed beta1,4-GT 1 increases CDK11p58-mediated apoptosis, enzyme knockout also inhibits the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and caspase-3 processing, mechanism of beta1,4-GT 1 in CHX-induced apoptosis of CDK11p58-overexpressing cells, overview
additional information
-
beta 1,4GalT V antisense constructs interfere with beta 1,4GalT V leading to promotion of As2O3-induced glioma cell apoptosis, while overexpression of beta 1,4GalT V inhibits it, overview
additional information
-
introduction of human betaGalT into suspension cultured tobacco cells results in the production of recombinant proteins with galactose-extended glycans and decreased contents of beta(1,2)-xylose and alpha(1,3)-fucose
additional information
-
expression vectors bearing the luminal domains of beta4GalT-II and glucuronyltransferase show in GST-pulldown assays that the Golgi luminal domains are sufficient for the complex to form
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the N-terminal stem extension enhances the in vitro folding efficiency of the catalytic domain by several fold, it increases the solubility of even the misfolded protein
-
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
cloning of the 5'-region flanking the transcription start point of the GalT I gene
-
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expresion analysis, stable overexpression of HA-tagged GalT V in astrocytes C8-D30 and glioma cell lines U87 and U251, expression of mutant enzymes
-
ectopic expression in SMMC-7721 hepatocarcinoma cells overexpressing the CDK11(p58) kinase
-
expressed in HeLa cells and as a fusion protein with maltose-binding protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
-
expression of mutant cDNA from a patient with the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId leads to the synthesis of a truncated, inactive polypeptide, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum
-
expression of mutants W312C/P401C and W312C/P401C/M340H enzymes in Escherichia coli, the wild-type enzyme forms inclusion bodies after expression in Escherichia coli, overview
-
functional expression in suspension cultured tobacco BY2 GT6 cells via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
estrogen antagonists ICI 182,780 and ER-a-ERE binding blocker TPBM inhibit the expression of estrogen-induced B4GALT1
-
expression of beta1,4-GalT-I and galactose-containing glycans increases in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls. Most galactose-containing glycans and beta1,4-GalT-I are expressed in inflammatory cells
-
expression of beta1,4-GalT-I increases in the cartilage and synovial tissue of osteoarthritis patients compared with healthy controls
-
inhibition of MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT and NF-kappaB suppresses recombinant human osteopontin-induced beta1,4-GalT-I expression
-
recombinant human osteopontin protein induces the beta 1,4-GalT-I up-regulation in RL95-2 cells
-
the expression level of GalTI and cellular adhesion ability is increased when dendritic cells continue to mature
-
the transcriptional activity and mRNA expression level of beta1,4GalT II are dramatically induced by p53 transcription factor in HeLa cell, in response to DNA damage agent adriamycin, the mRNA expression and promoter activity of beta1,4GalT II are significantly up-regulated
-
RENATURED/Commentary
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the folding efficiency of the catalytic domain is increased further if the protein is renatured in a buffer that has polyethylene glycol and L-arginine
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
drug development
-
the enzyme is a target for rational design of specific inhibitors
pharmacology
-
beta 1,4GalT V inhibitors enhance the therapeutic effect of As2O3 for malignant glioma
synthesis
-
use of transformed whole yeast cells, expressing the human N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, in synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Watzele, G.; Berger, E.G.
Near identity of HeLa cell galactosyltransferase with the human placental enzyme
Nucleic Acids Res.
18
7174
1990
Homo sapiens
Amano, J.; Straehl, P.; Berger, E.G.; Kochibe, N.; Kobata, A.
Structures of mucin-type sugar chains of the galactosyltransferase purified from human milk. Occurrence of the ABO and Lewis blood group determinants
J. Biol. Chem.
266
11461-11477
1991
Homo sapiens
Mengle-Gaw, L.; McCoy-Haman, M.F.; Tiemeier, D.C.
Genomic structure and expression of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
176
1269-1276
1991
Homo sapiens
Krezdorn, C.H.; Watzele, G.; Kleene, R.B.; Ivanov, S.X.; Berger, E.G.
Purification and characterization of recombinant human beta 1-4 galactosyltransferase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Eur. J. Biochem.
212
113-120
1993
Homo sapiens
Berger, E.G.; Kozdrowski, I.; Weiser, M.M.; van den Eijnden, D.H.; Schiphorst, W.E.C.M.
Human serum galactosyltransferase: distinction, separation and product identification of two galactosyltransferase activities
Eur. J. Biochem.
90
213-222
1978
Homo sapiens
Rao, G.J.S.; Chyatte, D.; Nadler, H.L.
Enhancement of UDPgalactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in cultured human skin fibroblasts by cationic polypeptides
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
541
435-443
1978
Homo sapiens
Bella, A.; Whitehead, J.S.; Kim, Y.S.
Human plasma uridine diphosphate galactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransfertase. Purification, properties and kinetics of the enzyme-catalysed reaction
Biochem. J.
167
621-628
1977
Homo sapiens
Nelson, J.D.; Jato-Rodriguez, J.J.; Mookerjea, S.
The occurrence and properties of soluble UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in human amniotic fluid
Can. J. Biochem.
52
42-50
1974
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
Kitchen, B.J.; Andrews, P.
Kinetic studies on the effect of uridine diphosphate galactose and manganous ions on the reaction between lactose synthetase A protein from human milk and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
Biochem. J.
143
587-590
1974
Homo sapiens
Nakazawa, K.; Furukawa, K.; Narimatsu, H.; Kobata, A.
Kinetic study of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase expressed in E. coli
J. Biochem.
113
747-753
1993
Homo sapiens
Sato, T.; Furukawa, K.; Bakker, H.; Van den Eijnden, D.H.; Van Die, I.
Molecular cloning of a human cDNA encoding beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase with 37% identity to mammalian UDP-Gal: GlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95
472-477
1998
Homo sapiens (O43286)
Hansske, B.; Thiel, C.; Lubke, T.; Hasilik, M.; Honing, S.; Peters, V.; Heidemann, P.H.; Hoffmann, G.F.; Berger, E.G.; Von Figura, K.; Korner, C.
Deficiency of UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId
J. Clin. Invest.
109
725-733
2002
Homo sapiens
Herrmann, G.F.; Elling, L.; Krezdorn, C.H.; Kleene, R.; Berger, E.G.; Wandrey, C.
Use of transformed whole yeast cells expressing beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase for the synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
5
673-676
1995
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens
-
Elling, L.; Zervosen, A.; Gallego, R.G.; Nieder, V.; Malissard, M.; Berger, E.G.; Vliegenthart, J.F.G.; Kamerling, J.P.
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine as acceptor substrate of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Enzymatic synthesis of UDP-N-acetyllactosamine
Glycoconjugate J.
16
327-336
1999
Homo sapiens
Malissard, M.; Borsig, L.; Di Marco, S.; Gruetter, M.G.; Kragl, U.; Wandrey, C.; Berger, E.G.
Recombinant soluble beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification, characterization and comparison with human enzyme
Eur. J. Biochem.
239
340-348
1996
Homo sapiens
Zhu, X.; Chen, S.; Yin, X.; Shen, A.; Ji, S.; Shen, Z.; Gu, J.
Constitutively active PKB/Akt inhibited apoptosis and down-regulated beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 in hepatocarcinoma cells
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
309
279-285
2003
Homo sapiens
Zhu, X.; Jiang, J.; Shen, H.; Wang, H.; Zong, H.; Li, Z.; Yang, Y.; Niu, Z.; Liu, W.; Chen, X.; Hu, Y.; Gu, J.
Elevated beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I in highly metastatic human lung cancer cells: Identification of E1AF as important transcription activator
J. Biol. Chem.
280
12503-12516
2005
Homo sapiens
Boeggeman, E.E.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Qasba, P.K.
The N-terminal stem region of bovine and human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I increases the in vitro folding efficiency of their catalytic domain from inclusion bodies
Protein Expr. Purif.
30
219-229
2003
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens
Li, Z.; Wang, H.; Zong, H.; Sun, Q.; Kong, X.; Jiang, J.; Gu, J.
Downregulation of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
327
628-636
2005
Homo sapiens
Boeggeman, E.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Kilgore, C.; Khidekel, N.; Hsieh-Wilson, L.C.; Simpson, J.T.; Qasba, P.K.
Direct identification of nonreducing GlcNAc residues on N-glycans of glycoproteins using a novel chemoenzymatic method
Bioconjug. Chem.
18
806-814
2007
Homo sapiens
Chen, W.S.; Chang, H.Y.; Li, C.P.; Liu, J.M.; Huang, T.S.
Tumor beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase IV overexpression is closely associated with colorectal cancer metastasis and poor prognosis
Clin. Cancer Res.
11
8615-8622
2005
Homo sapiens
Jiang, J.; Chen, X.; Shen, J.; Wei, Y.; Wu, T.; Yang, Y.; Wang, H.; Zong, H.; Yang, J.; Zhang, S.; Xie, J.; Kong, X.; Liu, W.; Gu, J.
beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase V functions as a positive growth regulator in glioma
J. Biol. Chem.
281
9482-9489
2006
Homo sapiens
Takaya, K.; Nagahori, N.; Kurogochi, M.; Furuike, T.; Miura, N.; Monde, K.; Lee, Y.C.; Nishimura, S.
Rational design, synthesis, and characterization of novel inhibitors for human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase
J. Med. Chem.
48
6054-6065
2005
Homo sapiens
Ramasamy, V.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Boeggeman, E.; Ratner, D.M.; Seeberger, P.H.; Qasba, P.K.
Oligosaccharide preferences of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I: crystal structures of Met340His mutant of human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I with a pentasaccharide and trisaccharides of the N-glycan moiety
J. Mol. Biol.
353
53-67
2005
Homo sapiens (P15291)
Ramakrishnan, B.; Ramasamy, V.; Qasba, P.K.
Structural snapshots of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I along the kinetic pathway
J. Mol. Biol.
357
1619-1633
2006
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens
Ramakrishnan, B.; Qasba, P.K.
Role of a single amino acid in the evolution of glycans of invertebrates and vertebrates
J. Mol. Biol.
365
570-576
2007
Homo sapiens
Li, Z.; Zong, H.; Kong, X.; Zhang, S.; Wang, H.; Sun, Q.; Gu, J.
Cell surface beta 1, 4-galactosyltransferase 1 promotes apoptosis by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor pathway
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
291
69-76
2006
Homo sapiens
Rhee, S.W.; Starr, T.; Forsten-Williams, K.; Storrie, B.
The steady-state distribution of glycosyltransferases between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum is approximately 90:10
Traffic
6
978-990
2005
Homo sapiens
Fujiyama, K.; Furukawa, A.; Katsura, A.; Misaki, R.; Omasa, T.; Seki, T.
Production of mouse monoclonal antibody with galactose-extended sugar chain by suspension cultured tobacco BY2 cells expressing human beta(1,4)-galactosyltransferase
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
358
85-91
2007
Homo sapiens
Chang, K.H.; Lee, J.M.; Hwang-Bo, J.; Yoo, K.H.; Sohn, B.H.; Yang, J.M.; Chung, I.S.
Expression of recombinant cyclooxygenase 1 in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells transformed with human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase and Galbeta1,4-GlcNAc alpha2,6-sialyltransferase
Biotechnol. Lett.
29
1803-1809
2007
Homo sapiens
Wei, Y.; Liu, D.; Ge, Y.; Zhou, F.; Xu, J.; Chen, H.; Yun, X.; Gu, J.; Jiang, J.
Down-regulation of beta 1,4GalT V at protein level contributes to arsenic trioxide-induced glioma cell apoptosis
Cancer Lett.
267
96-105
2008
Homo sapiens
Qasba, P.K.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Boeggeman, E.
Structure and function of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
Curr. Drug Targets
9
292-309
2008
Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens
Zhou, J.; Wei, Y.; Liu, D.; Ge, X.; Zhou, F.; Yun, X.; Jiang, J.; Gu, J.
Identification of beta 1,4GalT II as a target gene of p53-mediated HeLa cell apoptosis
J. Biochem.
143
547-554
2008
Homo sapiens
Shen, J.; Jiang, J.; Wei, Y.; Zhou, L.; Liu, D.; Zhou, J.; Gu, J.
Two specific inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase LY294002 and wortmannin up-regulate beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I and thus sensitize SMMC-7721 human hepatocarcinoma cells to cycloheximide-induced apoptosis
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
304
361-367
2007
Homo sapiens
Daligault, F.; Rahuel-Clermont, S.; Gulberti, S.; Cung, M.T.; Branlant, G.; Netter, P.; Magdalou, J.; Lattard, V.
Thermodynamic insights into the structural basis governing the donor substrate recognition by human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 7
Biochem. J.
418
605-614
2009
Homo sapiens
Brockhausen, I.; Dowler, T.; Paulsen, H.
Site directed processing: role of amino acid sequences and glycosylation of acceptor glycopeptides in the assembly of extended mucin type O-glycan core 2
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1790
1244-1257
2009
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens (O60909)
Lee, P.L.; Kohler, J.J.; Pfeffer, S.R.
Association of beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1, trans-Golgi enzymes involved in coupled poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis
Glycobiology
19
655-664
2009
Homo sapiens
Brown, J.R.; Yang, F.; Sinha, A.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Tor, Y.; Qasba, P.K.; Esko, J.D.
Deoxygenated disaccharide analogs as specific inhibitors of beta1-4-galactosyltransferase 1 and selectin-mediated tumor metastasis
J. Biol. Chem.
284
4952-4959
2009
Homo sapiens (P15291)
Wei, Y.; Zhou, F.; Ge, Y.; Chen, H.; Cui, C.; Li, Q.; Liu, D.; Yang, Z.; Wu, G.; Sun, S.; Gu, J.; Jiang, J.
beta1,4-galactosyltransferase V regulates self-renewal of glioma-initiating cell
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
396
602-607
2010
Homo sapiens
Choi, H.J.; Chung, T.W.; Kim, C.H.; Jeong, H.S.; Joo, M.; Youn, B.; Ha, K.T.
Estrogen induced beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 expression regulates proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
426
620-625
2012
Homo sapiens
Cheng, X.; Wang, X.; Han, Y.; Wu, Y.
The expression and function of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I in dendritic cells
Cell. Immunol.
266
32-39
2010
Homo sapiens
Peanne, R.; Legrand, D.; Duvet, S.; Mir, A.M.; Matthijs, G.; Rohrer, J.; Foulquier, F.
Differential effects of lobe A and lobe B of the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi complex on the stability of (beta)1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 and (alpha)2,6-sialyltransferase 1
Glycobiology
21
864-876
2011
Homo sapiens
Zhu, F.; Shen, F.; Fan, Y.; Xie, Y.; Xia, Y.; Kong, Y.
Osteopontin increases the expression of beta1, 4-galactosyltransferase-I and promotes adhesion in human RL95-2 cells
Glycoconj. J.
29
347-356
2012
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Wang, Y.; Xu, D.; Tao, R.; Wang, H.; Wang, Q.; Shen, A.
beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I contributes to the inflammatory processes in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Inflamm. Res.
59
1009-1018
2010
Homo sapiens
Liu, W.; Cui, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, X.; Fan, J.; Bao, G.; Qiu, J.; Xu, D.
Elevated expression of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase-I in cartilage and synovial tissue of patients with osteoarthritis
Inflammation
35
647-655
2012
Homo sapiens
Kouno, T.; Kizuka, Y.; Nakagawa, N.; Yoshihara, T.; Asano, M.; Oka, S.
Specific enzyme complex of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-II and glucuronyltransferase-P facilitates biosynthesis of N-linked human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate
J. Biol. Chem.
286
31337-31346
2011
Homo sapiens
Tang, W.; Weng, S.; Zhang, S.; Wu, W.; Dong, L.; Shen, X.; Zhang, S.; Gu, J.; Xue, R.
Direct interaction between surface beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibits EGFR activation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
434
449-454
2013
Homo sapiens
Jiang, J.; Kanabar, V.; Padilla, B.; Man, F.; Pitchford, S.C.; Page, C.P.; Wagner, G.K.
Uncharged nucleoside inhibitors of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase with activity in cells
Chem. Commun. (Camb.)
52
3955-3958
2016
Homo sapiens
Tsutsui, Y.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Qasba, P.K.
Crystal structures of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 enzyme reveal conformational changes and substrate binding
J. Biol. Chem.
288
31963-31970
2013
Homo sapiens (Q9UBV7)
Saliba, M.; Ramalanjaona, N.; Gulberti, S.; Bertin-Jung, I.; Thomas, A.; Dahbi, S.; Lopin-Bon, C.; Jacquinet, J.C.; Breton, C.; Ouzzine, M.; Fournel-Gigleux, S.
Probing the acceptor active site organization of the human recombinant beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 and design of xyloside-based inhibitors
J. Biol. Chem.
290
7658-7670
2015
Homo sapiens (Q9UBV7)
Hesselink, T.; Rouwendal, G.J.; Henquet, M.G.; Florack, D.E.; Helsper, J.P.; Bosch, D.
Expression of natural human beta1,4-GalT1 variants and of non-mammalian homologues in plants leads to differences in galactosylation of N-glycans
Transgenic Res.
23
717-728
2014
Danio rerio (C1KH59), Homo sapiens (P15291), Gallus gallus (Q92074)
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