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Information on EC 2.4.1.15 - alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q94AH8
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2.4.1.15 alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming)IUBMB Comments
See also EC 2.4.1.36 [alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (GDP-forming)].
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.15
- trehalase
- disaccharide
- tpp
-
desiccation
-
thermotolerance
-
resurrection
- udp-glc
- validamycin
-
anhydrobiosis
- selaginella
- agriculture
- drug development
- medicine
- analysis
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, transglucosylase, trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, trehalose phosphate synthase, tps-2, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1, t6p synthase, trehalose-6-p synthase, trehalose-6p synthase, t-6-p, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphate synthase (UDP-forming)
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glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose phosphate
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phosphotrehalose-uridine diphosphate transglucosylase
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TPS
transglucosylase
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trehalose 6-phosphate synthase
trehalose 6-phosphate synthetase
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trehalose phosphate synthase
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trehalose phosphate synthetase
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trehalose phosphate-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase
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trehalose-P synthetase
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trehalosephosphate-UDP glucosyl transferase
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UDPglucose-glucose-phosphate glucosyltransferase
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TPS
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trehalose 6-phosphate synthase
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
hexosyl group transfer
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-glucose:D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
See also EC 2.4.1.36 [alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (GDP-forming)].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9030-07-3
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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-
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?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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first step in trehalose biosynthesis, enzyme is essential for embryo maturation
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?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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step in trehalose biosynthesis
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?
UDPglucose + glucose 6-phosphate
trehalose 6-phosphate + UDP
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?
UDPglucose + glucose 6-phosphate
trehalose 6-phosphate + UDP
the enzyme is essential for Arabidopsis embryo development, TPS1 appears to play a vital role in responding to the increase in sucrose supply, which accompanies the onset of embryo maturation
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?
UDPglucose + glucose 6-phosphate
trehalose 6-phosphate + UDP
AtTPS1 is a single-copy gene and is expressed constitutively at very low levels
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme, encoded by gen tps1, is a regulator of glucose, abscisic acid, and stress signaling, trehalose is an osmoprotectant, trehalose content in wild-type and transgenic plants, overview
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?
additional information
?
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TPS1 may play a major role in coordinating cell wall biosynthesis and cell division with cellular metabolism during embryo development
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?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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-
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?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
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-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
-
first step in trehalose biosynthesis, enzyme is essential for embryo maturation
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate
UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate
-
step in trehalose biosynthesis
-
-
?
UDPglucose + glucose 6-phosphate
trehalose 6-phosphate + UDP
the enzyme is essential for Arabidopsis embryo development, TPS1 appears to play a vital role in responding to the increase in sucrose supply, which accompanies the onset of embryo maturation
-
?
UDPglucose + glucose 6-phosphate
trehalose 6-phosphate + UDP
AtTPS1 is a single-copy gene and is expressed constitutively at very low levels
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme, encoded by gen tps1, is a regulator of glucose, abscisic acid, and stress signaling, trehalose is an osmoprotectant, trehalose content in wild-type and transgenic plants, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
TPS1 may play a major role in coordinating cell wall biosynthesis and cell division with cellular metabolism during embryo development
-
-
?
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
expression of AtTPS1 is low and not organ specific
additional information
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expression of AtTPS1 is low and not organ specific
additional information
gene AtTPS1 is widely expressed throughout the plant
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
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the enzyme is markedly present in the vacuole and the cell wall, and to a lesser extent in the cytosol of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
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Arabidopsis thaliana has 11 TPS or TPS-like proteins, which belong to two distinct clades: class I (AtTPS1-AtTPS4) and class II (AtTPS5-AtTPS11)
malfunction
physiological function
malfunction
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expression of TPS1 driven by the ABI3 promoter rescues the severe embryo phenotype but not the vegetative phenotype of tps1. tps1 exhibits a severe phenotype in vegetative tissue, consistent with the role played in embryo development
malfunction
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tps1DELTA mutants fail to complete embryogenesis and rescued lines have stunted growth and delayed flowering. Loss of trehalose 6-phosphate production might not be the only reason for the growth defects of Arabidopsis thaliana tps1 mutants
physiological function
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the TPS1 protein is a key regulator of trehalose metabolism throughout the Arabidopsis life cycle and not just in embryo development, it plays a key role in modulating trehalose 6-phosphate levels in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function
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enzyme TPS1 is important throughout the life cycle with At least three catalytically active TPS isoforms
physiological function
trehalose phosphate synthase 5-dependent trehalose metabolism regulates Arabidopsis thaliana defenses against pathogens (necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea and biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae).The enzyme is necessary for trehalose synthesis after pathogen infection
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). TPS6_ARATH
860
0
97703
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
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enzyme-deficient mutant embryos develop more slowly than the wild-type, and do not progress past the torpedo stage to cotyledon stage, overview
additional information
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transgenic plants overexpressing the intrinsic enzyme display higher dehydration resistance and a slightly increased trehalose level, but no other phenotype alterations, transgenic seedling are glucose- and abscisic-acid stress insensitive and are larger than wild-type seedlings, overview
additional information
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hemizygous TPS1/tps1 plants are transformed with an ABI3::AtTPS1 cDNA, ABI3 promoter drives expression in developing and germinating seeds but not thereafter, the ABI3::TPS1 complemented tps1 plantlets accumulate sugars and starch, transcripts associated with carbohydrate metabolism are altered and ABA-responsive transcripts are constitutively induced in ABI3::TPS1 tps1 plantlets, phenotypes, overview
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Arabidopsis thaliana extracts are prepared, AtTPS1 expressed in yeast is analysed in yeast extracts
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
into the pDONOR207 vector and after confirming the sequence subcloned into the pBIN-GW binary vector, into the expression vector pYES2, for transformation of yeast cells
11 TPS genes, class I AtTPS1-AtTPS4 and class II AtTPS5-AtTPS11. Expression of genes AtTPS2 or AtTPS4 enables the yeast tps1DELTA tps2DELTA mutant to grow on glucose and accumulate trehalose 6-phosphate and trehalose. Class II TPS genes do not complement the yeast mutant
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Nicotiana tabacum. The enzyme is markedly present in the vacuoles and the cell wall, and to a lesser extent in the cytosol
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construction of a new transformation vector containing the AtTPS1 gene as a selection marker. Overexpression of AtTPS1 in tobacco allows selecting glucose insensitive transgenic shoots
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expression of TPS1 driven by the ABI3 promoter rescues the severe embryo phenotype but not the vegetative phenotype of tps1
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overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana plants under control of the 35S promotor
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the shuttle vectors pSAL4 and pSAL6, the YEplac195/KanMX plasmid, and the two-hybrid plasmids pGBT9 and pGAD242 are used, GFP-fusions are generated using pK7GWF2 and pHGWR2
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transgenic Arabidopsis plants with T6P levels increased by expression of T6P synthase or decreased by expression of T6P phosphatase in the cytosol. Compared with wild type, leaves of T6P synthase-expressing plants have increased redox activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and increased starch
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
pathogen infection with Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae upregulates isoform TPS5 expression. An isoform TPS5-interacting protein (multiprotein bridging factor 1c) is required for induced expression of isoform TPS5 during pathogen infections. The enzyme expression is upregulated by 0.1 mM methyl jasmonate and 2 mM salicylic acid treatments
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
analysis
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trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is an intrinsic selection marker for plant transformation
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Eastmond, P.J.; van Dijken, A.J.; Spielman, M.; Kerr, A.; Tissier, A.F.; Dickinson, H.G.; Jones, J.D.; Smeekens, S.C.; Graham, I.A.
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1, which catalyses the first step in trehalose synthesis, is essential for Arabidopsis embryo maturation
Plant J.
29
225-235
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SYM4)
Blazquez, M.A.; Santos, E.; Flores, C.L.; Martinez-Zapater, J.M.; Salinas, J.; Gancedo, C.
Isolation and molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis TPS1 gene, encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase
Plant J.
13
685-689
1998
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SYM4), Arabidopsis thaliana
Gomez, L.D.; Baud, S.; Graham, I.A.
The role of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in Arabidopsis embryo development
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
33
280-282
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana
Avonce, N.; Leyman, B.; Mascorro-Gallardo, J.O.; Van Dijck, P.; Thevelein, J.M.; Iturriaga, G.
The Arabidopsis trehalose-6-P synthase AtTPS1 gene is a regulator of glucose, abscisic acid, and stress signaling
Plant Physiol.
136
3649-3659
2004
Arabidopsis thaliana
Leyman, B.; Avonce, N.; Ramon, M.; Van Dijck, P.; Iturriaga, G.; Thevelein, J.M.
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase as an intrinsic selection marker for plant transformation
J. Biotechnol.
121
309-317
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gomez, L.D.; Baud, S.; Gilday, A.; Li, Y.; Graham, I.A.
Delayed embryo development in the Arabidopsis trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 mutant is associated with altered cell wall structure, decreased cell division and starch accumulation
Plant J.
46
69-84
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
Kolbe, A.; Tiessen, A.; Schluepmann, H.; Paul, M.; Ulrich, S.; Geigenberger, P.
Trehalose 6-phosphate regulates starch synthesis via posttranslational redox activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
102
11118-11123
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana
Almeida, A.M.; Santos, M.; Villalobos, E.; Araujo, S.S.; van Dijck, P.; Leyman, B.; Cardoso, L.A.; Santos, D.; Fevereiro, P.S.; Torne, J.M.
Immunogold localization of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in leaf segments of wild-type and transgenic tobacco plants expressing the AtTPS1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana
Protoplasma
230
41-49
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
Chary, S.N.; Hicks, G.R.; Choi, Y.G.; Carter, D.; Raikhel, N.V.
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase regulates cell shape and plant architecture in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiol.
146
97-107
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q94AH8)
Geelen, D.; Royackers, K.; Vanstraelen, M.; De Bus, M.; Inze, D.; Van Dijck, P.; Thevelein, J.M.; Leyman, B.
Trehalose-6-P synthase AtTPS1 high molecular weight complexes in yeast and Arabidopsis
Plant Sci.
173
426-437
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gomez, L.D.; Gilday, A.; Feil, R.; Lunn, J.E.; Graham, I.A.
AtTPS1-mediated trehalose 6-phosphate synthesis is essential for embryogenic and vegetative growth and responsiveness to ABA in germinating seeds and stomatal guard cells
Plant J.
64
1-13
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana
Delorge, I.; Figueroa, C.M.; Feil, R.; Lunn, J.E.; Van Dijck, P.
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 is not the only active TPS in Arabidopsis thaliana
Biochem. J.
466
283-290
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana
Yadav, U.P.; Ivakov, A.; Feil, R.; Duan, G.Y.; Walther, D.; Giavalisco, P.; Piques, M.; Carillo, P.; Hubberten, H.M.; Stitt, M.; Lunn, J.E.
The sucrose-trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) nexus: specificity and mechanisms of sucrose signalling by Tre6P
J. Exp. Bot.
65
1051-1068
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SYM4), Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (Q9SYM4)
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