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etomoxir
regional differences in brain fatty acid oxidation may be blocked by irreversible CPT1a inhibitor etomoxir
4-hydroxy phenylglyoxylate
-
CPT I, greatly reduced inhibition of protease treated enzyme
Bile acids
-
e.g. in cholestatic rats
C75-CoA
-
potent competitive inhibition, IC50: 0.0007 mM in liver, IC50: 0.00004 in muscle, IC50: 0.00024 mM recombinant isozyme L-CPT I, IC50: 0.00036 recombinant isozyme M-CPT I, binds tightly but reversibly to CPT I, C75 applied in vivo is transformed to C75-CoA and inhibits fatty acid oxidation, inhibition mechanism, overview, molecular model of docking of C75-CoA to L-CPT I
cardiolipin
-
inhibits conversion of palmitoylcarnitine to palmitoyl-CoA, stimulates palmitoylcarnitine formation
carnitine
-
CPT I, slightly
chenodeoxycholic acid
-
competitive to carnitine
CoA
-
CPT I, inhibition is not affected by proteinase treatment
CoA esters of certain oxirane carboxylic acids
-
irreversible, CPT I but not CPT II
-
Digitonin
-
CPTo and slightly CPTi
dinitrophenyl analogue of etomoxir
-
i.e. 2[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylic acid, DNP-Et, specific inhibitor for liver L-CPT I, identical with the small isoform of heart CPT I, complete inhibition of L-CPT I, but not M-CPT I
etomoxir
regional differences in brain fatty acid oxidation may be blocked by irreversible CPT1a inhibitor etomoxir
etomoxiryl-CoA
-
IC50: 0.00025 mM in liver, IC50: 0.000015 in muscle, IC50: 0.0041 mM recombinant isozyme L-CPT I, IC50: 0.0031 recombinant isozyme M-CPT I
gamma-linolenic acid
-
inhibits CPT I in vivo and reduces malonyl-CoA sensitivity, decreases affinity for 16:0 acyl-CoA substrate
Hemipalmitoylcarnitinium bromide
L-aminocarnitine
-
ability to act as substrate or inhibitor of CPT is dependent on the nature of CPT and on the chain length of the acyl-CoA cosubstrate
L-palmitoylcarnitine
-
competitive product inhibition
L-sulfocarnitine
-
ability to act as substrate or inhibitor of CPT is dependent on the nature of CPT and on the chain length of the acyl-CoA cosubstrate
nagarse
-
mitochondria, malonyl-CoA protects
-
Palmitoylcholine
-
competitive in the forward reaction to both substrates
propionyl-CoA
-
CPT I, inhibition is not affected by proteinase treatment
S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-CoA
-
inhibition of malonyl-CoA sensitive enzyme, malonyl-CoA insensitive enzyme is not inhibited
Short chain-length fatty acylcarnitine derivatives
-
-
-
succinyl-CoA
-
partial proteolysis of CPT I slightly diminishes the inhibitory effect
thiolcarnitine
-
ability to act as substrate or inhibitor of CPT is dependent on the nature of CPT and on chain length of the acyl-CoA cosubstrate
Trypsin
-
mitochondria, malonyl-CoA protects
-
Tween 20
-
only CPTo at 2% and above
2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA
-
-
2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA
-
no inhibition
2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA
-
irreversible
2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA
-
with addition of carnitine
acetyl-CoA
-
-
acetyl-CoA
-
CPT I, inhibition is not affected by proteinase treatment
Hemipalmitoylcarnitinium bromide
-
CPT I, strong, active-site-directed, inhibition not altered by protease treatment
Hemipalmitoylcarnitinium bromide
-
competitve to palmitoyl-carnitine in the reverse reaction
Hemipalmitoylcarnitinium bromide
-
i.e. HPC, 2S,6R:2R,6S-6-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxy-2-pentadecyl-4,4-dimethylmorpholinium bromide
malonyl-CoA
-
-
malonyl-CoA
-
no inhibition
malonyl-CoA
-
allosteric inhibition
malonyl-CoA
-
reversible inhibition
malonyl-CoA
-
inhibition is pH-dependent
malonyl-CoA
-
membrane or micelle composition and properties influence the sensitivity of CPT I to inhibition
malonyl-CoA
-
sensitivity to inhibition of deletion and chimeric L-CPT I mutants
malonyl-CoA
-
mitochondrial isozyme CPT I, sensitivity against malonyl-CoA is mediated by a 86 kDa malonyl-CoA binding protein complexed with CPT and other proteins of the beta-oxidation, detergent and salt sensitive
malonyl-CoA
-
regulatory role in vivo
malonyl-CoA
-
differences in sensitivity of hepatic and heart enzyme
malonyl-CoA
-
L-CPT I, recombinant enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is inhibited only in intact mitochondria, not as solubilized enzyme
malonyl-CoA
-
recombinant CPT I is highly sensitive, recombinant CPT II not
malonyl-CoA
-
overview: recombinant chimeric proteins of L-CPT I and M-CPT I
malonyl-CoA
-
inhibition of isoform L-CPT I is increased by 2[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylic acid
malonyl-CoA
-
CPT I, sensitivity is reduced in vivo during gamma-linolenic acid treatment
malonyl-CoA
-
inhibition is temperature dependent
malonyl-CoA
-
similar inhibition of wild-type CPT I and mutants A381D and H473A
malonyl-CoA
-
CPT II not inhibited
malonyl-CoA
-
partial proteolysis of CPT I greatly diminishes the inhibitory effect
malonyl-CoA
-
inhibition is very pH-dependent: malonyl-CoA concentrations causing 50% inhibition at pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0 are 0.00004, 0.001, 0.009, 0.04 and 0.2 mM, respectively
malonyl-CoA
-
CPT I catalytic activity and malonyl-CoA sensitivity is located on 1 single polypeptide
malonyl-CoA
-
benzyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl-8-(cis-2-n-octylpropyl)octanoate decrease the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit CPT I
malonyl-CoA
-
isoforms L-CPT I and M-CPT I
malonyl-CoA
-
enzyme from liver mitochondrial inner membrane becomes inhibitable by malonyl-CoA if reconstituted with outer membrane malonyl-CoA binding protein
malonyl-CoA
-
a malonyl-CoA insensitive enzyme and a malonyl-CoA sensitive enzyme
malonyl-CoA
-
inhibits CPT I not CPT II
malonyl-CoA
IC50: 0.00339 mM for wild-type enzyme, 0.00021 mM for mutant enzyme E590A, 0.00039 mM for mutant enzyme E590Q, 0.00025 mM for mutant enzyme E590K
malonyl-CoA
IC50: 0.0123 for wild-type enzyme, 0.015 mM for mutant enzyme T314S, 0.0087 mM for mutant enzyme N464D, 0.0395 mM for mutant enzyme A478G, 0.0275 mM for mutant enzyme C608A, 0.319 mM for mutant enzyme M593 mM, 0.155 mM for mutant enzyme M593A, 0.22 mM for mutant enzyme M593E
malonyl-CoA
phosphorylation of the CKII site in the C-terminal end of CPT-I leads to decreased malonyl-CoA sensitivity
malonyl-CoA
-
has a regulatory role in vivo
methylmalonyl-CoA
-
partial proteolysis of CPT I slightly diminishes the inhibitory effect
methylmalonyl-CoA
-
inhibits sheep liver CPT I, no inhibition of rat liver and guinea-pig liver mitochondrial CPT I
octyl glucoside
-
only CPTo
octyl glucoside
-
complete loss of CPT I activity, no loss of CPT II activity
palmitoyl-CoA
-
substrate inhibition
palmitoyl-CoA
-
product inhibition, reverse reaction
palmitoyl-CoA
-
CPT I, slightly
Ro 25-0187
-
malonyl-CoA analogue
Ro 25-0187
-
CPT I, strong, inhibitory effect is drastically reduced by protease treatment of outer mitochondrial membrane
tetradecylglycidyl-CoA
-
CPTo
tetradecylglycidyl-CoA
-
and analogues, irreversible
Triton X-100
-
only CPTo
Triton X-100
-
complete loss of CPT I activity, no loss of CPT II activity
additional information
-
physiological role of malonyl-CoA in the heart
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by choline, hemiacetylcarnitinium
-
additional information
-
CPT I, 2 independent binding sites for acyl-CoA inhibitors and regulation of fatty acid oxidation, the malonyl-CoA site is located on the cytoplasmic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the site for monocarboxylic acids and free CoA is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
-
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Morillas, M.; Gomez-Puertas, P.; Roca, R.; Serra, D.; Asins, G.; Valencia, A.; Hegardt, F.G.
Structural model of the catalytic core of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT). Mutation of CPT 1 histidine 473 and alanine 381 and COT alanine 238 impairs the catalytic activity
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2001
Rattus norvegicus
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Sekas, G.; Paul, H.S.
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1992
Rattus norvegicus
-
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Miyazawa, S.; Ozaka, H.; Osumi, T.; Hashiomoto, T.
Purification and properties of carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase from rat liver
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Some differences in the properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase activities of the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes
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Characterization of a solubilized malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase from the mitochondrial outer membrane as a protein distinct from the malonyl-CoA-insensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase of the inner membrane
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Fatty acyl group transport into mitochondria: carnitine palmitoyl transferases EC 2.3.1.23 and the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
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Kolodziej, M.P.; Zammit, V.A.
Sensitivity of inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial outer-membrane carnitine palmitoyltransferase by malonyl-CoA to chemical- and temperature-induced changes in membrane fluidity
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Rattus norvegicus
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Conferral of malonyl coenzyme A sensitivity to purified rat heart mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase
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Rattus norvegicus
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT2) from liver mitochondrial inner membrane becomes inhibitable by malonyl-CoA if reconstituted with outer membrane malonyl-CoA binding protein
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Hemipalmitoylcarnitinium, a strong competitive inhibitor of purified hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase
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Malonyl-CoA inhibits proteolysis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase
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Rattus norvegicus
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Rattus norvegicus
-
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Rattus norvegicus
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Malonyl CoA inhibition of carnitine palmityltransferase in rat heart mitochondria
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Rattus norvegicus
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Differential effects of phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin on carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity
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Rattus norvegicus
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Effect of pH on malonyl-CoA inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
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Importance of albumin binding in the assay for carnitine palmitoyltransferase
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Inhibition by acetyl-CoA of hepatic carnitine acyltransferase and fatty acid oxidation
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Rattus norvegicus
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Studies on carnitine palmitoyl transferase: the similar nature of CPTi (inner form) and CPTo (outer form)
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Rattus norvegicus
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Characterization of the mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase enzyme system. I. Use of inhibitors
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Rattus norvegicus
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1987
Rattus norvegicus
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Kopec, B.; Fritz, I.B.
Comparison of properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I with those of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and preparation of antibodies to carnitine palmitoyltransferases
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Substrate inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase by palmitoyl-CoA and activation by phospholipids and proteins
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Rattus norvegicus
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Use of a selective inhibitor of liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) allows quantification of its contribution to total CPT I activity in rat heart. Evidence that the dominant cardiac CPT I isoform is identical to the skeletal muscle enzyme
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Rattus norvegicus
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Kashfi, K.; Mynatt, R.L.; Cook, G.A.
Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I has two independent inhibitory binding sites for regulation of fatty acid oxidation
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1994
Rattus norvegicus
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Substrate specificity of rat liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase I: evidence against alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in rat liver mitochondria
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Rattus norvegicus
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Over-expression and characterization of active recombinant rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase II using baculovirus
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Rattus norvegicus
-
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Functional characterization of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferases I and II expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris
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Mouse white adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells display an anomalous pattern of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I isoform expression during differentiation. Inter-tissue and inter-species expression of CPT I and CPT II enzymes
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Use of six chimeric proteins to investigate the role of intramolecular interactions in determining the kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I isoforms
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Rattus norvegicus
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Eaton, S.; Fukumoto, K.; Paladio Duran, N.; Pierro, A.; Spitz, L.; Quant, P.A.; Bartlett, K.
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2001
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Abo-Hashema, K.A.H.; Cake, M.H.; Lukas, M.A.; Knudsen, J.
The interaction of acyl-CoA with acyl-CoA binding protein and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
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2001
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Gamma-linolenic acid alters the composition of mitochondrial membrane subfractions, decreases outer mitochondrial membrane binding of hexokinase and alters carnitine palmitoyltransferase I properties in the Walker 256 rat tumour
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2002
Rattus norvegicus
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Nicot, C.; Relat, J.; Woldegiorgis, G.; Haro, D.; Marrero, P.F.
Pig liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase: chimera studies show that both the N- and C-terminal regions of the enzyme are important for the unusual high malonyl-CoA sensitivity
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277
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2002
Rattus norvegicus, Sus scrofa
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McGarry, J.D.; Brown, N.F.
Reconstitution of purified, active and malonyl-CoA-sensitive rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: relationship between membrane environment and malonyl-CoA sensitivity
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2000
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The liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 is not targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum
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370
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2003
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A single amino acid change (substitution of the conserved Glu-590 with alanine) in the C-terminal domain of rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I increases its malonyl-CoA sensitivity close to that observed with the muscle isoform of the enzyme
J. Biol. Chem.
278
34084-34089
2003
Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
brenda
Morillas, M.; Gomez-Puertas, P.; Bentebibel, A.; Selles, E.; Casals, N.; Valencia, A.; Hegardt, F.G.; Asins, G.; Serra, D.
Identification of conserved amino acid residues in rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I critical for malonyl-CoA inhibition
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278
9058-9063
2003
Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
brenda
Kerner, J.; Distler, A.M.; Minkler, P.; Parland, W.; Peterman, S.M.; Hoppel, C.L.
Phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I: effect on the kinetic properties of the enzyme
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279
41104-41113
2004
Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
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Bentebibel, A.; Sebastian, D.; Herrero, L.; Lopez-Vinas, E.; Serra, D.; Asins, G.; Gomez-Puertas, P.; Hegardt, F.G.
Novel effect of C75 on carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and palmitate oxidation
Biochemistry
45
4339-4350
2006
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Kuhajda, F.P.; Ronnett, G.V.
Modulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 for the treatment of obesity
Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs
8
312-317
2007
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Doh, K.O.; Kim, Y.W.; Park, S.Y.; Lee, S.K.; Park, J.S.; Kim, J.Y.
Interrelation between long-chain fatty acid oxidation rate and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity with different isoforms in rat tissues
Life Sci.
77
435-443
2005
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Stefanovic-Racic, M.; Perdomo, G.; Mantell, B.S.; Sipula, I.J.; Brown, N.F.; ODoherty, R.M.
A moderate increase in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a activity is sufficient to substantially reduce hepatic triglyceride levels
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
294
E969-E977
2008
Rattus norvegicus (P18886), Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
brenda
Sorokina, N.; ODonnell, J.M.; McKinney, R.D.; Pound, K.M.; Woldegiorgis, G.; LaNoue, K.F.; Ballal, K.; Taegtmeyer, H.; Buttrick, P.M.; Lewandowski, E.D.
Recruitment of compensatory pathways to sustain oxidative flux with reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity characterizes inefficiency in energy metabolism in hypertrophied hearts
Circulation
115
2033-2041
2007
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Okere, I.C.; Chandler, M.P.; McElfresh, T.A.; Rennison, J.H.; Kung, T.A.; Hoit, B.D.; Ernsberger, P.; Young, M.E.; Stanley, W.C.
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I inhibition is not associated with cardiac hypertrophy in rats fed a high-fat diet
Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol.
34
113-119
2007
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Sierra, A.Y.; Gratacos, E.; Carrasco, P.; Clotet, J.; Urena, J.; Serra, D.; Asins, G.; Hegardt, F.G.; Casals, N.
CPT1c is localized in endoplasmic reticulum of neurons and has carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity
J. Biol. Chem.
283
6878-6885
2008
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Kuroda, T.; Hirota, H.; Fujio, Y.; Sugiyama, S.; Masaki, M.; Hiramoto, Y.; Shioyama, W.; Okamoto, K.; Hori, M.; Yamauchi-Takihara, K.
Carbacyclin induces carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in cardiomyocytes via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta independent of the IP receptor signaling pathway
J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.
43
54-62
2007
Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Sadana, P.; Zhang, Y.; Song, S.; Cook, G.A.; Elam, M.B.; Park, E.A.
Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-Ialpha) gene expression by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1) isoforms
Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.
267
6-16
2007
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Akkaoui, M.; Cohen, I.; Esnous, C.; Lenoir, V.; Sournac, M.; Girard, J.; Prip-Buus, C.
Modulation of the hepatic malonyl-CoA-carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A partnership creates a metabolic switch allowing oxidation of de novo fatty acids
Biochem. J.
420
429-438
2009
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Rufer, A.C.; Thoma, R.; Hennig, M.
Structural insight into function and regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase
Cell. Mol. Life Sci.
66
2489-2501
2009
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Roomets, E.; Kivelae, T.; Tyni, T.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 in retina: insights of retinopathy in mitochondrial trifunctional protein defects
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
49
1660-1664
2008
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Zammit, V.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1: central to cell function
IUBMB Life
60
347-354
2008
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Bi, Y.; Cai, M.; Liang, H.; Sun, W.; Li, X.; Wang, C.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, X.; Li, M.; Weng, J.
Increased carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 expression and decreased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c expression are associated with reduced intramuscular triglyceride accumulation after insulin therapy in high-fat-diet and streptozotocin-indu
Metab. Clin. Exp.
58
779-786
2009
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Sharma, V.; Abraham, T.; So, A.; Allard, M.; McNeill, J.
Functional effects of protein kinases and peroxynitrite on cardiac carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in isolated mitochondria
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
337
223-237
2010
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Lee, K.; Kerner, J.; Hoppel, C.L.
Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a) is part of an outer membrane fatty acid transfer complex
J. Biol. Chem.
286
25655-25662
2011
Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
brenda
Hostetler, H.A.; Lupas, D.; Tan, Y.; Dai, J.; Kelzer, M.S.; Martin, G.G.; Woldegiorgis, G.; Kier, A.B.; Schroeder, F.
Acyl-CoA binding proteins interact with the acyl-CoA binding domain of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase I
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
355
135-148
2011
Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
brenda
Hada, T.; Kato, Y.; Obana, E.; Yamamoto, A.; Yamazaki, N.; Hashimoto, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Shinohara, Y.
Comparison of two expression systems using COS7 cells and yeast cells for expression of heart/muscle-type carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
Protein Expr. Purif.
82
192-196
2012
Rattus norvegicus (Q63704)
brenda
Hada, T.; Yamamoto, T.; Yamamoto, A.; Ohkura, K.; Yamazaki, N.; Takiguchi, Y.; Shinohara, Y.
Comparison of the catalytic activities of three isozymes of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 expressed in COS7 cells
Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
172
1486-1496
2014
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Console, L.; Giangregorio, N.; Indiveri, C.; Tonazzi, A.
Carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 form a complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
394
307-314
2014
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Jernberg, J.N.; Bowman, C.E.; Wolfgang, M.J.; Scafidi, S.
Developmental regulation and localization of carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs) in rat brain
J. Neurochem.
142
407-419
2017
Rattus norvegicus (P18886), Rattus norvegicus (P32198)
brenda