Cells of the oxygen-evolving halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanocthece halophytica synthesize betaine from glycine by a three-step methylation process. This is the first enzyme and it leads to the formation of either sarcosine or N,N-dimethylglycine, which is further methylated to yield betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) by the action of EC 2.1.1.157, sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase. Differs from EC 2.1.1.20, glycine N-methyltransferase, as it can further methylate the product of the first reaction. Acetate, dimethylglycine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine can inhibit the reaction .
Cells of the oxygen-evolving halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanocthece halophytica synthesize betaine from glycine by a three-step methylation process. This is the first enzyme and it leads to the formation of either sarcosine or N,N-dimethylglycine, which is further methylated to yield betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) by the action of EC 2.1.1.157, sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase. Differs from EC 2.1.1.20, glycine N-methyltransferase, as it can further methylate the product of the first reaction. Acetate, dimethylglycine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine can inhibit the reaction [3].
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of glycine betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process, betaine is required for balancing osmotic pressure under high salt living conditions
the enzyme shows strict specificity for glycine and sarcosine as substrates, no activity with ethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine, nor several L-amino acid, overview
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of glycine betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process, betaine is required for balancing osmotic pressure under high salt living conditions
recombinant enzyme: poor inhibition, 60% inhibition at 2 M with glycine, and 70% inhibition at 2 M with sarcosine, synergistic with salts KCl and NaCl, overview
recombinant enzyme: synergistic with betaine, 80% inhibition at 0.33 M KCl and 0.66M NaCl with glycine, and 66% inhibition at 0.33 M KCl and 0.66 M NaCl with sarcosine, overview
recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydrophobic and anion exchange chromatography, and ultrafiltration to homogeneity
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
DNA and amino acid sequence determination, functional coexpression in Escherichia coli with sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, conferring betaine accumulation and increased salt tolerance to the Escherichia coli cells
functional overexpression in Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue conferring betaine accumulation and increased salt tolerance when coexpressed with the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157
enzyme can be used in betaine production for improvement of stress tolerance of commercially important microbes in agriculture and industry, and for nutritial improvement of transgenic crop plants, that do not produce betaine naturally
enzyme can be used in betaine production for improvement of stress tolerance of commercially important microbes in agriculture and industry, and for nutritial improvement of transgenic crop plants, that do not produce betaine naturally
enzyme can be used in betaine production for improvement of stress tolerance of commercially important microbes in agriculture and industry, and for nutritial improvement of transgenic crop plants, that do not produce betaine naturally