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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.5.8.4 - dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
Word Map on EC 1.5.8.4
- 1.5.8.4
- sarcosine
- fad
- flavin
- flavoproteins
-
demethylation
-
flavinylated
-
folate-binding
- tetrahydrofolate
-
flavoenzyme
-
presequence
-
one-carbon
-
wagner
-
mitoplasts
- 6-hydroxy-d-nicotine
- isoalloxazine
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.5.8.4
-
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
N,N-dimethylglycine + electron-transfer flavoprotein + H2O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
-
-
-
-
oxidative deamination
-
-
-
-
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
N,N-dimethylglycine:electron-transfer flavoprotein oxidoreductase (demethylating)
A flavoprotein, containing a histidyl(N3)-(8alpha)FAD linkage
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
37256-30-7
-
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + FADH2
5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + FAD
-
-
-
-
-
epsilon-N-methyl-L-lysine + acceptor + H2O
formaldehyde + L-lysine + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + ferricenium hexafluorophosphate + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced ferricenium hexafluorophosphate
-
-
-
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + H2O + oxidized 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate
-
-
-
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + H2O + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
-
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
N-methyl-L-alanine + acceptor + H2O
formaldehyde + L-alanine + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
sarcosine + acceptor + H2O
glycine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
bound tetrahydrofolate interacts directly with the enzyme and serves as an acceptor for the one-carbon unit produced during the oxidative demethylation of dimethylglycine
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O
sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is used in vivo as an acceptor of the one-carbon group generated during the reaction
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + FADH2
5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + FAD
-
-
-
-
-
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
during the reaction tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is converted to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
Q63342
reaction of the choline degradation pathway
-
?
N,N-dimethylglycine + tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + acceptor
sarcosine + 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate + reduced acceptor
-
tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate is used in vivo as an acceptor of the one-carbon group generated during the reaction
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate can act as electron acceptor; 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol can act as electron acceptor
-
FAD
-
covalently bound
FAD
-
covalent attachment of FAD to the apoenzyme proceeds in vitro spontaneously and does not require a mitochondrial protein factor; covalently bound
FAD
-
mitochondrial matrix can stimulate the flavinylation of the enzyme synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysate as well as the 6-His-tagged enzyme purified by affinity chromatography, a matrix protein factor accelerates holoenzyme formation of dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, the matrix protein factor is different from the mitochondrial chaperones Hsp60 and Hsp 70
FAD
-
the precursor form of the enzyme is a good substrate for mitochondria-assisted flavinylation reaction, flavinylation of precursor precedes polypeptide processing by the mitochondrial processing peptidase during the biogenesis of holo-enzyme
FAD
-
absolutely required, covalently bound to the apoenzyme via a histidinyl(N3)-(8alpha)FAD linkage, cofactor-free apoenzyme shows 70% reduced activity compared to the holoenzyme
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Nonheme iron
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INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
the expressions of 23 genes, including the dimethylglycine dehydrogenase precursor pMe2GlyDH, are significantly down-regulated in the hearts of cardio-specific caspase recruitment domain transgenic mice. Caspase recruitment domain ARC may protect cardiomyocytes from hypoxic cell death by regulating its downstream, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and developmentally regulated RNA-binding protein Drbp1
-
additional information
the expressions of 23 genes, including the dimethylglycine dehydrogenase precursor pMe2GlyDH, are significantly down-regulated in the hearts of cardio-specific caspase recruitment domain transgenic mice. Caspase recruitment domain ARC may protect cardiomyocytes from hypoxic cell death by regulating its downstream, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and developmentally regulated RNA-binding protein Drbp1
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.045
N,N-dimethylglycine
-
and second value 1.10 mM, wild-type, presence of tetrahydrofolate, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.05
N,N-dimethylglycine
-
pH 7.0, 30°C, recombinant holoenzyme, 2 Km-values
1.1
N,N-dimethylglycine
-
and first value 0.045 mM, wild-type, presence of tetrahydrofolate, pH 7.5, 25°C
9.4
N,N-dimethylglycine
-
pH 7.0, 30°C, recombinant holoenzyme, 2 Km-values
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.225
N,N-dimethylglycine
Homo sapiens
-
wild-type, presence of tetrahydrofolate, pH 7.5, 25°C
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
8.5 - 9
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
detectable levels of expression demonstrated at the RNA and protein level
-
detectable levels of expression demonstrated at the RNA and protein level
-
detectable levels of expression demonstrated at the RNA and protein level
-
detectable levels of expression demonstrated at the RNA and protein level
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
90000
93000
90000
-
x * 90000, native enzyme, SDS-PAGE, x * 93000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE
93000
-
x * 90000, native enzyme, SDS-PAGE, x * 93000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
?
-
x * 90000, native enzyme, SDS-PAGE, x * 93000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-4°C, lyophilized, 1 week
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Purification/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
native enzyme from liver mitochondria, recombinant His-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli 45fold by nickel affinity chromatography
-
of in vitro synthesized 6-His-dimethylglycine dehydrogenase on nickel chelating Sepharose
-
using ammonium sulfate treatment and dissolution in 7.5 mM potassium phosphate
-
using gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-150, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and affinity chromatography
-
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells as a C-terminally 6-His-tagged fusion protein which is predominantly in its apo form
-
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain JM109 as N-terminally His-tagged enzyme being equally distributed in the soluble fraction and the insoluble inclusion body fraction
-
screening of a cDNA library prepared in Escherichia coli from rat liver polyA RNA in the plasmid vector peD-X
-
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ENGINEERING
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
H109R
-
natural polymorphism identified in a dimethylglycine dehydrogenase-deficient patient. Mutant shows only 47% of the wild-type level of bound flavin, a 27fold decrease in specific activity and a 65fold increase in Km value
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Renatured/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
refolding by 80fold dilution after solubilization from inclusion bodies by urea treatment, 50-60% reactivation yield, overview
-
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.5.8.4)
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