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Information on EC 1.2.1.8 - betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q9STS1
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1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenaseIUBMB Comments
In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. This enzyme is involved in the second step and appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In contrast, different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, this reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7 (choline monooxygenase), whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) . In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).
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Word Map
- 1.2.1.8
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badhs
- aroma
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fragrant
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
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osmoprotectant
- molecular biology
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basmati
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non-fragrant
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scent
- 4-aminobutyraldehyde
- medicine
- 3-aminopropionaldehyde
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non-aromatic
- aminoaldehyde
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jasmine
- agriculture
- biotechnology
- energy production
- food industry
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms
badh2, badh1, pabadh, osbadh2, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, osbadh1, pkbadh, badh2-e7, badh2-e2, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
BADH
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
betaine aldehyde oxidase
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-
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dehydrogenase, betaine aldehyde
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-
-
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BADH
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-
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betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
redox reaction
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-
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oxidation
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-
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reduction
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
betaine-aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. This enzyme is involved in the second step and appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In contrast, different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, this reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7 (choline monooxygenase), whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) [5]. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9028-90-4
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3-aminopropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-aminopropionate + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
4-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutyric acid + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3-aminopropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-aminopropionate + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
4-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutyric acid + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
-
-
-
?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
3.7
3-aminopropionaldehyde
in 100 mM sodium diphosphate pH 8.0, at 22°C
1.1
4-Aminobutyraldehyde
in 100 mM sodium diphosphate pH 8.0, at 22°C
6.81
Betaine aldehyde
in 100 mM sodium diphosphate pH 8.0, at 22°C
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. But the BADH transcripts from plant species such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), correctly process the mRNA
physiological function
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. But the BADH transcripts from plant species such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), correctly process the mRNA
physiological function
physiological function
LDH10A9 serves as detoxification enzymes controlling the level of aminoaldehydes, which are produced in cellular metabolism under stress conditions
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
ALDH10A8 serves as detoxification enzyme controlling the level of aminoaldehydes, which are produced in cellular metabolism under stress conditions
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). BADH2_ARATH
503
0
54918
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
To compare the posttranscriptional processing patterns of the BADH homologs between cereal crop species and more distantly related dicotyledonous species, RT-PCR experiments using total RNA extracted from seedlings of spinach are conducted. Primers designed to amplify the full length of mRNA of BADH homologs are used. As anticipated, the RT-PCR products of BADH homologs from Arabidopsis are of expected size for correctly processed transcripts. Sequencing analysis of 4 cDNA clones confirms the correct processing.
To compare the posttranscriptional processing patterns of the BADH homologs between cereal crop species and more distantly related dicotyledonous species, RT-PCR experiments using total RNA extracted from seedlings of spinach are conducted. Primers designed to amplify the full length of mRNA of BADH homologs are used. As anticipated, the RT-PCR products of BADH homologs from Arabidopsis are of expected size for correctly processed transcripts. Sequencing analysis of 4 cDNA clones confirms the correct processing.
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the ALDH10A9 gene is weakly induced by abscisic acid, salt, chilling (4°C), methyl viologen and dehydration
the ALDH10A8 gene is weakly induced by abscisic acid, salt, chilling (4°C), methyl viologen and dehydration
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
molecular biology
BADH application as a marker for chloroplast engineering without using antibiotic can avoid transferring antibiotic genes from the plant and thus assists to allay public concern regarding genetic modifications
molecular biology
BADH application as a marker for chloroplast engineering without using antibiotic can avoid transferring antibiotic genes from the plant and thus assists to allay public concern regarding genetic modifications
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Niu, X.; Zheng, W.; Lu, B.R.; Ren, G.; Huang, W.; Wang, S.; Liu, J.; Tang, Z.; Luo, D.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.
An unusual posttranscriptional processing in two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase loci of cereal crops directed by short, direct repeats in response to stress conditions
Plant Physiol.
143
1929-1942
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S795), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9STS1), Hordeum vulgare (Q94IC0), Hordeum vulgare (Q94IC1), Oryza sativa (O24174), Oryza sativa (Q84LK3), Solanum lycopersicum, Spinacia oleracea (P17202), Triticum aestivum, Triticum aestivum (Q8LGQ9), Zea mays (Q53CF4)
Missihoun, T.D.; Schmitz, J.; Klug, R.; Kirch, H.H.; Bartels, D.
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes from Arabidopsis with different sub-cellular localization affect stress responses
Planta
233
369-382
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S795), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9STS1)
Golestan Hashemi, F.; Ismail, M.; Rafii, M.; Aslani, F.; Miah, G.; Muharam, F.
Critical multifunctional role of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in plants
Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip.
32
815-829
2018
Ammopiptanthus nanus, Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S795), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9STS1), Glycine max (B0M1A6), Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (A4UUF3), Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia, Oryza sativa Japonica Group (O24174), Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q84LK3), Pandanus amaryllifolius (A0A2Z2GYT8), Solanum lycopersicum, Spinacia oleracea (P17202), Triticum aestivum (Q8LGQ9), Vallaris sp., Zea mays (Q53CF4)
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