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ADP + thioredoxin
2'-dADP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
CDP + reduced thioredoxin
2'-dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
CDP + thioredoxin
2'-dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
GDP + thioredoxin
2'-dGDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
?
nucleoside 5'-diphosphate + glutaredoxin
2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-diphosphate + glutaredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
class Ia RNRs
-
-
?
nucleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin
2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
class Ia RNRs
-
-
?
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonuleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
ribonucleoside diphosphate + reduced thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + oxidized thioredoxin + H2O
UDP + thioredoxin
2'-dUDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ADP + thioredoxin
2'-dADP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
?
ADP + thioredoxin
2'-dADP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
?
CDP + thioredoxin
2'-dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
?
CDP + thioredoxin
2'-dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
?
CDP + thioredoxin
2'-dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
for ATP-bound enzyme CDP is the favored substrate
-
-
?
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonuleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonuleoside 5'-diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O
-
the essential enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in dNTP production for DNA synthesis
-
-
?
ribonucleoside diphosphate + reduced thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + oxidized thioredoxin + H2O
-
-
-
ir
ribonucleoside diphosphate + reduced thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + oxidized thioredoxin + H2O
-
-
-
ir
ribonucleoside diphosphate + reduced thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + oxidized thioredoxin + H2O
-
-
-
ir
ribonucleoside diphosphate + reduced thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + oxidized thioredoxin + H2O
-
-
-
ir
ribonucleoside diphosphate + reduced thioredoxin
2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + oxidized thioredoxin + H2O
-
enzyme catalyzes the first unique step in DNA synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
human p53R2 is a 351-residue p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit, hp53R2 supplies dNTPs for DNA repair to cells in G0-G1 in a p53-dependent fashion, rather than exhibiting cyclic dNTP synthesis. Hp53R2 structure-function relationship determination and analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CDP as substrate resulting information of product dCDP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dCDP is produced from CDP by the holoenzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
class Ia RNRs convert nucleoside diphosphates into 2'-deoxynucleoside diphosphates using glutaredoxin or thioredoxin as cofactor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the class I RNR active-site disulfide bridge between Cys225 and Cys462 must be reduced for a complete turnover. The electron required for this reduction is provided by a redox network, which involves a cysteine pair at the C-terminus of the R1 subunit, the thioredoxin or glutaredoxin system, and NADPH. For in vitro experiments, the disulfide bridge can be reduced by small thiol compounds such as DTT
-
-
?
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(-)-epicatechin
-
interacts with the R2 protein, leading to a loss of the tyrosyl radical EPR signal. Proliferation of cells exposed to (-)-epicatechin is downregulated, and deoxyribonucleotide levels are significantly diminished
(2E)-2-(anthracen-9-ylmethylidene)-N-hydroxyhydrazinecarboximidamide
-
i.e. ABNM-13, application leads to significant alterations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pool balance and a highly significant decrease of incorporation of radiolabeled cytidine into DNA of HL-60 cells. Diminished ribonucleotide reductase activity causes replication stress which is consistent with activation of Chk1 and Chk2, resulting in downregulation/degradation of Cdc25A. Cdc25B is upregulated, leading to dephosphorylation and activation of Cdk1. The combined disregulation of Cdc25A and Cdc25B is the most likely cause for ABNM-13 induced S-phase arrest
2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzamide
-
-
2,3,4-trihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.0035 mM, 50% inhibition
2,3-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.008 mM, 50% inhibition
2,4-dichlorobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.45 mM, 50% inhibition
2,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.3 mM, 50% inhibition
2,5-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.2 mM, 50% inhibition
2,6-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.1 mM, 50% inhibition
2-(diphenylmethylidene)-N,N-dimethylhydrazinecarbothioamide
-
metal chelator, significantly decreases ribonucleotide reductase activity, whereas the NADPH/NADP+ total ratio is not reduced
2-acetylpyridine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato-N,N,S-dichlorogallium(III)
-
-
2-acetylpyridine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato-N,N,S-dichlorogallium(III)
-
-
2-aminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.12 mM, 50% inhibition
2-furan-3-ylbenzaldehyde N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
2-furan-3-ylbenzaldehyde N-phenylthiosemicarbazone
-
-
2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.15 mM, 50% inhibition
2-hydroxy-4-aminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.2 mM, 50% inhibition
2-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(4-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
2-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-phenylthiosemicarbazone
-
-
2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.15 mM, 50% inhibition
2-thiophen-2-ylbenzaldehyde N-(4-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
2-thiophen-2-ylbenzaldehyde N-phenylthiosemicarbazone
-
-
2-[di(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]-N,N-dimethylhydrazinecarbothioamide
-
metal chelator, significantly decreases ribonucleotide reductase activity, whereas the NADPH/NADP+ total ratio is not reduced
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzamide
-
-
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.01 mM, 50% inhibition
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid
-
-
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.1 mM, 50% inhibition
3,4-diaminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.04 mM, 50% inhibition
3,4-dichlorobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.3 mM, 50% inhibition
3,4-Dihydroxybenzamide
-
-
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.03 mM, 50% inhibition
3,4-dimethoxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.3 mM, 50% inhibition
3,4-dimethylbenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.3 mM, 50% inhibition
3,5-diamino-1H-1,2,4-triazole
3,5-diaminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
3,5-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.4 mM, 50% inhibition
3-amino-4-methylpyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
3-aminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.35 mM, 50% inhibition
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone
-
i.e. 3-AP, phase I study in combination with high dose cytarabine in patients with advanced myeloid leukemia, resulting in enhanced cytarabine cytotoxicity with possible methemoglobinemia, overview
3-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.35 mM, 50% inhibition
3-methyl aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-aminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.15 mM, 50% inhibition
4-dimethylaminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.5 mM, 50% inhibition
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde N-(4-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde N-phenylthiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-methylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-nitrophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(3-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(3-methylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(4-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(4-methylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(4-nitrophenyl)thiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde N-phenylthiosemicarbazone
-
-
4-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.30 mM, 50% inhibition
4-methoxybenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.5 mM, 50% inhibition
4-methylaminobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.33 mM, 50% inhibition
4-nitrobenzohydroxamic acid
-
0.5 mM, 50% inhibition
5'-O-valproyl-3'-C-methyladenosine
inhibits ribonucleotide reductase activity by competing with ATP as an allosteric effector and concomitantlyreduces the intracellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. In contrast to previously used ribonucleotide reductase nucleoside analogs does not require intracellular kinases for its activity and therefore holds promise against drug resistant tumors with downregulated nucleoside kinases
-
5-(1-Aziridinyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide
-
-
5-amino-4-morpholinomethylpyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
5-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
5-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone
-
-
5-methyl-4-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone
-
-
6-chloro-9H-(3-C-methyl-2,3-di-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine
-
-
Acetohydroxamic acid
-
1 mM, 50% inhibition
benzohydroxamic acid
-
0.4 mM, 50% inhibition
clofarabine
-
an adenosine analogue is used in the treatment of refractory leukemias. Its mode of cytotoxicity is associated in part with the triphosphate functioning as an allosteric reversible inhibitor of hRNR, rapid inactivation
clofarabine diphosphate
-
ClFDP, a C-site slow-binding, reversible inhibitor, mechanism of inhibition via altering the quaternary structure of the large subunit of RNR, overview. Binds also mutant D57N-alpha subunit. CDP protects against inhibition
clofarabine triphosphate
-
ClFTP, an A-site rapidly binding reversible inhibitor, mechanism of inhibition via altering the quaternary structure of the large subunit of RNR, overview. Neither CDP (C site) nor dGTP (A site) had any effect on inhibition by ClFTP
Co2+
-
RNR activity chelates with copper leading to inactivation
IRBIT
IRBIT is a conserved metazoan protein implicated in diverse functions. IRBIT consists of a putative enzymatic domain that has similarity to S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and an essential N-terminal domain of 104 amino acids. It forms a dATPdependent complex with ribonucleotide reductase, which stabilizes dATP in the activity site of ribonucleotide reductase and thus inhibits the enzyme. Formation of the ribonucleotide reductase-IRBIT complex is regulated through phosphorylation of IRBIT, and ablation of IRBIT expression in HeLa cells causes imbalanced dNTP pools and altered cell cycle progression. Under normal physiological conditions, where ATP levels are high, such inhibition can only be achieved when binding of IRBIT is strengthened by phosphorylation
-
Isoquinoline-1-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
-
-
N-Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide
-
-
N6-(2-furanylmethyl)-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
N6-(2-thienylmethyl)-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
N6-(3-pyrazolyl)-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
N6-cyclobutyl-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
N6-cycloheptyl-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
N6-endo-norbonyl-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
N6-phenyl-9H-(3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
nicotinohydroxamic acid
-
0.8 mM, 50% inhibition
phenylacetohydroxamic acid
-
1 mM, 50% inhibition
picolinohydroxamic acid
-
0.5 mM, 50% inhibition
Pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
-
[bis(2-acetylpyridine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-gallium(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(2-acetylpyridine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(2-acetylpyridine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] tetrachloroferrate(III)
-
-
[bis(2-acetylpyridine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-gallium(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(2-acetylpyridine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(2-acetylpyridine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] tetrachloroferrate(III)
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-gallium(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N,N-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] tetrachloroferrate(III)
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N-piperidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-gallium(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N-piperidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N-piperidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] tetrachloroferrate(III)
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-gallium(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] hexafluorophosphate
-
-
[bis(acetylpyrazine N-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazonato)-N,N,S-iron(III)] tetrachloroferrate(III)
-
-
3,5-diamino-1H-1,2,4-triazole
-
-
3,5-diamino-1H-1,2,4-triazole
-
trivial name guanazole
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
i.e.3-AP or triapine, in combination with the nucleoside analog fludarabine for patients with refractory acute leukemias and aggressive myeloprol, phase I study, detailed overview, the inhibitor inhibits the M2 subunit, and depletes intracellular deoxyribonculeotide pools, especially dATP
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
-
triapine
dATP
-
inhibition of CDP reduction
dATP
-
inhibition of GDP reduction
dATP
-
inhibition of ADP reduction
deferoxamine mesylate
-
IC50 for subunit p53R2 is 0.00316 mM, IC50 for hRRM2 subunit is 0.5 mM
deferoxamine mesylate
-
an iron chelator
Hydroxyurea
-
-
Hydroxyurea
-
0.5 mM, 50% inhibition
Hydroxyurea
-
IC50 for subunit p53R2 is 2.48 mM, IC50 for hRRM2 subunit is 0.991 mM
Hydroxyurea
-
inhibits the M2 subunit
triapine
-
-
triapine
-
IC50 for subunit p53R2 is 112 nM, IC50 for hRRM2 subunit is 144 nM
triapine
-
i.e. 3-AP, triapine enhances the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine and arabinoside cytosine in four non-small-cell-lung-cancer cell lines, e.g. in SW1573 cells, but not in H460 cells, multiple-drug-effect analysis, overview
additional information
-
overview: naturally occuring inhibitors e.g. proteins and nucleotides
-
additional information
-
construction and synthesis of ribose-modified purine nucleosides as ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. Synthesis, antitumor activity, and molecular modeling of N6-substituted 3-C-methyladenosine derivatives, an unsubstituted N6-amino group is essential for optimal cytotoxicity of 3'-Me-Ado. The anticancer nucleosides act as antimetabolites after metabolic activation by phosphorylation to the corresponding 5'-di- or 5'-triphosphates, overview
-
additional information
-
no enzyme inhibition by arabinoside cytosine
-
additional information
-
synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity in human cell lines, and interaction with ribonucleotide reductase of gallium(III) and iron(III) complexes of alpha-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, overview, gallium(III) enhances, whereas iron(III) weakens the cytotoxicity of the ligands
-
additional information
-
inhibitory mechanisms of heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicabazones
-
additional information
-
synthesis and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitory activity of thiosemicarbazones, overview
-
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dCTP
-
stimulation of UDP reduction
P53
-
activates, required
ATP
-
-
ATP
-
stimulation of UDP reduction
ATP
-
stimulation of CDP reduction
ATP
-
stimulates the reduction of CDP and ADP
ATP
allosteric effector of CDP reaction
ATP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors (ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP) modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. The unprotonated N1 of adenosine is the primary determinant of ATP/dATP-directed specificity for CDP
ATP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. dNTP effectors and NDP substrates bind on either side of a flexible nine-amino acid loop. The unprotonated N1 of adenosine is the primary determinant of ATP/dATP-directed specificity for CDP. Interactions with the effector nucleobase alter loop 2 geometry, resulting in changes in specificity among the four NDP substrates of ribonucleotide reductase
dATP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors (ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP) modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. The unprotonated N1 of adenosine is the primary determinant of ATP/dATP-directed specificity for CDP
dATP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. dNTP effectors and NDP substrates bind on either side of a flexible nine-amino acid loop.. The unprotonated N1 of adenosine is the primary determinant of ATP/dATP-directed specificity for CDP. Interactions with the effector nucleobase alter loop 2 geometry, resulting in changes in specificity among the four NDP substrates of ribonucleotide reductase
dGTP
-
stimulation of ADP reduction
dGTP
-
stimulation of tubercidin diphosphate reduction
dGTP
-
stimulates the reduction of CDP and ADP
dGTP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors (ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP) modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. The O6 and protonated N1 of dGTP direct specificity for ADP
dGTP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. dNTP effectors and NDP substrates bind on either side of a flexible nine-amino acid loop. The O6 and protonated N1 of dGTP direct specificity for ADP. Interactions with the effector nucleobase alter loop 2 geometry, resulting in changes in specificity among the four NDP substrates of ribonucleotide reductase
dTTP
-
stimulation of UDP reduction
dTTP
-
stimulation of CDP reduction
dTTP
-
stimulation of GDP reduction
dTTP
-
stimulation of purine riboside diphosphate reduction
dTTP
-
stimulation of 2,6-diaminopurine riboside reduction
dTTP
-
stimulation of 2-aminopurineriboside diphosphate reduction
dTTP
-
stimulation of benzimidazoleriboside diphosphate reduction
dTTP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors (ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP) modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. The 5-methyl, O4, and N3 groups of dTTP contributes to specificity for GDP
dTTP
binding of deoxynucleoside triphosphate effectors ATP/dATP, dGTP, and dTTP modulates the specificity of class I ribonucleotide reductase for CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP substrates. dNTP effectors and NDP substrates bind on either side of a flexible nine-amino acid loop. Interactions with the effector nucleobase alter loop 2 geometry, resulting in changes in specificity among the four NDP substrates of ribonucleotide reductase
additional information
-
overview: stimulation of various enzymes
-
additional information
-
stimulation by effector nucleotides
-
additional information
-
stimulation with various substrates
-
additional information
-
TTP, dATP, TTP/GDP, TTP/ATP, and TTP/dATP, 1. TTP bound at the S-site, 2. dATP bound at the S-site, 3. TTP bound at the S-site and GDP at the C-site, 4. TTP bound at the S-site and ATP at the A-site, and 5. TTP bound at the S-site and dATP at the A-site
-
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Bloom Syndrome
Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase and thymidine kinase activities in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of normal subjects of various ages and patients with immunodeficiency.
Breast Neoplasms
Regression of human breast tumor xenografts in response to (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene)cytidine, an inhibitor of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
Carcinogenesis
Investigation of Pokemon-regulated proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma using mass spectrometry-based multiplex quantitative proteomics.
Carcinoma
Antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine, a novel inhibitor of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, on human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice.
Carcinoma
Expression of ERCC1, TYMS, TUBB3, RRM1 and TOP2A in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A hierarchical clustering analysis.
Carcinoma
[Control mechanisms of the ribonucleotide reduction in mammalian tissue (author's transl)]
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Origin of increased deoxycytidine excretion into urine of rats bearing Yoshida ascites sarcoma.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Potentiation of antimetabolite action by dibromodulcitol in cell culture.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Some biochemical mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immunity in C3HA mice during hepatoma growth.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
[Changes in the lymphoid cells of DNA and purine nucleotide synthesis and sensitivity to glucocorticoids associated with impairment of differentiation and immune function during tumor growth in mice. Thymocytes]
Carcinosarcoma
Origin of increased deoxycytidine excretion into urine of rats bearing Yoshida ascites sarcoma.
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase and thymidine kinase activities in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of normal subjects of various ages and patients with immunodeficiency.
Down Syndrome
Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase and thymidine kinase activities in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of normal subjects of various ages and patients with immunodeficiency.
Ectodermal Dysplasia
Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase and thymidine kinase activities in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of normal subjects of various ages and patients with immunodeficiency.
Endometriosis
An investigation of the effects of endometriosis on the proteome of human eutopic endometrium: a heterogeneous tissue with a complex disease.
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Expression of ERCC1, TYMS, TUBB3, RRM1 and TOP2A in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A hierarchical clustering analysis.
Glioblastoma
In vitro and in vivo inhibition of glioblastoma and neuroblastoma with MDL101731, a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor.
Herpes Simplex
2-Acetylpyridine 5-[(dimethylamino)thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone (A1110U), a potent inactivator of ribonucleotide reductases of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses and a potentiator of acyclovir.
Herpes Simplex
A potent peptidomimetic inhibitor of HSV ribonucleotide reductase with antiviral activity in vivo.
Herpes Simplex
Aanlysis of dCMP deaminase and CDP reductase levels in hamster cells infected by herpes simplex virus.
Herpes Simplex
Herpes simplex virus type 1 ribonucleotide reductase: selective and synergistic inactivation by A1110U and its iron complex.
Herpes Simplex
Ribonucleotide reductase of herpes simplex virus type 2 resembles that of herpes simplex virus type 1.
Herpes Simplex
Selective inhibition of herpes simplex virus ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by derivatives of 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone.
Herpes Simplex
Structure-activity relationships among alpha-(N)-heterocyclic acyl thiosemicarbazones and related compounds as inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1-specified ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase and thymidine kinase activities in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of normal subjects of various ages and patients with immunodeficiency.
Infections
Aanlysis of dCMP deaminase and CDP reductase levels in hamster cells infected by herpes simplex virus.
Infections
Hydroxyurea-resistant vaccinia virus: overproduction of ribonucleotide reductase.
Infections
Ribonucleotide reductase of herpes simplex virus type 2 resembles that of herpes simplex virus type 1.
Infections
Tandem cloning of bacteriophage T4 nrdA and nrdB genes and overproduction of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (alpha 2 beta 2) and a mutationally altered form (alpha 2 beta 2(93)).
Infections
Vaccinia virus induces ribonucleotide reductase in primate cells.
Iron Deficiencies
Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase in response to iron deficiency.
Leukemia
Schedule-dependency assessments of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors when used in combination with platinum compounds plus cyclophosphamide in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia.
Leukemia
Synthesis and biological activity of 3- and 5-amino derivatives of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone.
Leukemia, Myeloid
p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase (p53R2/RRM2B) is a DNA hypomethylation-independent decitabine gene target that correlates with clinical response in myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia.
Lymphoma
Clinicopathological observation of primary lung enteric adenocarcinoma and its response to chemotherapy: A case report and review of the literature.
Melanoma
Ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase from human metastatic melanoma.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase from human metastatic melanoma.
Neoplasms
Computational studies on class I ribonucleotide reductase: understanding the mechanisms of action and inhibition of a cornerstone enzyme for the treatment of cancer.
Neoplasms
Domain-structured N1,N2-derivatized hydrazines as inhibitors of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase: redox-cycling considerations.
Neoplasms
Metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides in various tissues and tumor cells from rodents.
Neoplasms
Noncoordinate changes in the components of ribonucleotide reductase in mammalian cells.
Neoplasms
Phase I and pharmacologic study of oral (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine: on a daily x 5-day schedule.
Neoplasms
Selective cytotoxic activity of a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor MDL-101,731 against thyroid cancer in vitro.
Neoplasms
The complete DNA sequence of lymphocystis disease virus.
Neoplasms
The regulation of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by the tumor promoter orotic acid in normal rat liver in vivo.
Neuroblastoma
In vitro and in vivo inhibition of glioblastoma and neuroblastoma with MDL101731, a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor.
Psoriasis
Blue lunula due to hydroxyurea.
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase deficiency
Novel mechanism of resistance to folate analogues: ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase deficiency in bacteriophage T4.
Sarcoma
Separation of cytidine diphosphate reductase from rat Yoshida ascites sarcoma.
Thyroid Neoplasms
Selective cytotoxic activity of a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor MDL-101,731 against thyroid cancer in vitro.
Trypanosomiasis, African
Trypanothione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by Trypanosoma brucei ribonucleotide reductase.
Tuberculosis
Characterization of two genes encoding the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribonucleotide reductase small subunit.
Vaccinia
Amplification of the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit gene: analysis of novel joints and the mechanism of gene duplication in vaccinia virus.
Vaccinia
Vaccinia virus induces ribonucleotide reductase in primate cells.
Vaccinia
Vaccinia virus ribonucleotide reductase. Correlation between deoxyribonucleotide supply and demand.
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Elford, H.L.; Van't Riet, B.; Wampler, G.L.; Lin, A.L.; Elford, R.M.
Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase in mammalian cells by chemotherapeutic agents
Adv. Enzyme Regul.
19
151-168
1981
Homo sapiens
brenda
Lammers, M.; Follmann, H.
The ribonucleotide reductases - a unique group of metalloenzymes essential for cell proliferation
Struct. Bonding
54
27-91
1983
Tequatrovirus T4, Tequintavirus T5, Enterobacteria phage T6, Bos taurus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Escherichia coli, Homo sapiens, Mesocricetus auratus, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Tetradesmus obliquus
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brenda
Holmgren, A.
Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase
Curr. Top. Cell. Regul.
19
47-76
1981
Escherichia phage T2, Tequatrovirus T4, Tequintavirus T5, Enterobacteria phage T6, Bos taurus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Escherichia coli, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Young, P.; Leeds, J.M.; Slabaugh, M.B.; Mathews, C.K.
Ribonucleotide reductase: evidence for specific association with HeLa cell mitochondria
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
203
46-52
1994
Homo sapiens
brenda
Schroeder, P.; Voevodskaya, N.; Klotz, L.O.; Brenneisen, P.; Graslund, A.; Sies, H.
Loss of the tyrosyl radical in mouse ribonucleotide reductase by (-)-epicatechin
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
326
614-617
2005
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Shao, J.; Zhou, B.; Zhu, L.; Bilio, A.J.; Su, L.; Yuan, Y.C.; Ren, S.; Lien, E.J.; Shih, J.; Yen, Y.
Determination of the potency and subunit-selectivity of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors with a recombinant-holoenzyme-based in vitro assay
Biochem. Pharmacol.
69
627-634
2005
Homo sapiens
brenda
Qiu, W.; Zhou, B.; Darwish, D.; Shao, J.; Yen, Y.
Characterization of enzymatic properties of human ribonucleotide reductase holoenzyme reconstituted in vitro from hRRM1, hRRM2, and p53R2 subunits
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
340
428-434
2006
Homo sapiens (Q7LG56)
brenda
Gautam, A.; Bepler, G.
Suppression of lung tumor formation by the regulatory subunit of ribonucleotide reductase
Cancer Res.
66
6497-6502
2006
Mus musculus, Homo sapiens (P23921)
brenda
Avolio, T.M.; Lee, Y.; Feng, N.; Xiong, K.; Jin, H.; Wang, M.; Vassilakos, A.; Wright, J.; Young, A.
RNA interference targeting the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase inhibits growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo
Anticancer Drugs
18
377-388
2007
Homo sapiens
brenda
Sigmond, J.; Kamphuis, J.A.; Laan, A.C.; Hoebe, E.K.; Bergman, A.M.; Peters, G.J.
The synergistic interaction of gemcitabine and cytosine arabinoside with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor triapine is schedule dependent
Biochem. Pharmacol.
73
1548-1557
2007
Homo sapiens
brenda
Odenike, O.M.; Larson, R.A.; Gajria, D.; Dolan, M.E.; Delaney, S.M.; Karrison, T.G.; Ratain, M.J.; Stock, W.
Phase I study of the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone (3-AP) in combination with high dose cytarabine in patients with advanced myeloid leukemia
Invest. New Drugs
26
233-239
2008
Homo sapiens
brenda
Kowol, C.R.; Berger, R.; Eichinger, R.; Roller, A.; Jakupec, M.A.; Schmidt, P.P.; Arion, V.B.; Keppler, B.K.
Gallium(III) and iron(III) complexes of alpha-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and interaction with ribonucleotide reductase
J. Med. Chem.
50
1254-1265
2007
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Cappellacci, L.; Franchetti, P.; Vita, P.; Petrelli, R.; Lavecchia, A.; Jayaram, H.N.; Saiko, P.; Graser, G.; Szekeres, T.; Grifantini, M.
Ribose-modified purine nucleosides as ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. Synthesis, antitumor activity, and molecular modeling of N6-substituted 3-C-methyladenosine derivatives
J. Med. Chem.
51
4260-4269
2008
Homo sapiens
brenda
Karp, J.E.; Giles, F.J.; Gojo, I.; Morris, L.; Greer, J.; Johnson, B.; Thein, M.; Sznol, M.; Low, J.
A phase I study of the novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, Triapine) in combination with the nucleoside analog fludarabine for patients with refractory acute leukemias and aggressive myeloprol
Leuk. Res.
32
71-77
2008
Homo sapiens
brenda
Zhu, L.; Zhou, B.; Chen, X.; Jiang, H.; Shao, J.; Yen, Y.
Inhibitory mechanisms of heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicabazones for two forms of human ribonucleotide reductase
Biochem. Pharmacol.
78
1178-1185
2009
Homo sapiens
brenda
Smith, P.; Zhou, B.; Ho, N.; Yuan, Y.C.; Su, L.; Tsai, S.C.; Yen, Y.
2.6 a X-ray crystal structure of human p53R2, a p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase
Biochemistry
48
11134-11141
2009
Homo sapiens
brenda
Krishnan, K.; Prathiba, K.; Jayaprakash, V.; Basu, A.; Mishra, N.; Zhou, B.; Hu, S.; Yen, Y.
Synthesis and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitory activity of thiosemicarbazones
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
18
6248-6250
2008
Homo sapiens
brenda
Holmgren, A.; Sengupta, R.
The use of thiols by ribonucleotide reductase
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
49
1617-1628
2010
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Homo sapiens, Lactobacillus leichmannii, Mus musculus
brenda
Fairman, J.W.; Wijerathna, S.R.; Ahmad, M.F.; Xu, H.; Nakano, R.; Jha, S.; Prendergast, J.; Welin, R.M.; Flodin, S.; Roos, A.; Nordlund, P.; Li, Z.; Walz, T.; Dealwis, C.G.
Structural basis for allosteric regulation of human ribonucleotide reductase by nucleotide-induced oligomerization
Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.
18
316-322
2011
Homo sapiens
brenda
Aye, Y.; Stubbe, J.
Clofarabine 5-di and -triphosphates inhibit human ribonucleotide reductase by altering the quaternary structure of its large subunit
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
108
9815-9820
2011
Homo sapiens
brenda
Saiko, P.; Graser, G.; Giessrigl, B.; Lackner, A.; Grusch, M.; Krupitza, G.; Basu, A.; Sinha, B.; Jayaprakash, V.; Jaeger, W.; Fritzer-Szekeres, M.; Szekeres, T.
A novel N-hydroxy-N-aminoguanidine derivative inhibits ribonucleotide reductase activity: Effects in human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and synergism with arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C)
Biochem. Pharmacol.
81
50-59
2011
Homo sapiens
brenda
Chen, X.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, L.; Liu, H.; Liu, X.; Lou, M.; Zhu, L.; Huang, B.; Yang, C.G.; Zhu, W.; Shao, J.
The conserved Lys-95 charged residue cluster is critical for the homodimerization and enzyme activity of human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit m2
J. Biol. Chem.
289
909-920
2014
Homo sapiens (P31350)
brenda
Yu, Y.; Suryo Rahmanto, Y.; Hawkins, C.L.; Richardson, D.R.
The potent and novel thiosemicarbazone chelators di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone and 2-benzoylpyridine-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone affect crucial thiol systems required for ribonucleotide reductase activity
Mol. Pharmacol.
79
921-931
2011
Homo sapiens
brenda
Pontarin, G.; Ferraro, P.; Bee, L.; Reichard, P.; Bianchi, V.
Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase subunit p53R2 is required for mitochondrial DNA replication and DNA repair in quiescent cells
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
109
13302-13307
2012
Homo sapiens (Q7LG56)
brenda
Knappenberger, A.J.; Ahmad, M.F.; Viswanathan, R.; Dealwis, C.G.; Harris, M.E.
Nucleoside analogue triphosphates allosterically regulate human ribonucleotide reductase and identify chemical determinants that drive substrate specificity
Biochemistry
55
5884-5896
2016
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens (P23921), Homo sapiens (P23921 and P31350), Homo sapiens
brenda
Petrelli, R.; Meli, M.; Vita, P.; Torquati, I.; Ferro, A.; Vodnala, M.; DAlessandro, N.; Tolomeo, M.; Del Bello, F.; Kusumanchi, P.; Franchetti, P.; Grifantini, M.; Jayaram, H.N.; Hofer, A.; Cappellacci, L.
From the covalent linkage of drugs to novel inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase synthesis and biological evaluation of valproic esters of 3-C-methyladenosine
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
24
5304-5309
2014
Homo sapiens (P23921)
brenda
Graser-Loescher, G.; Schoenhuber, A.; Ciglenec, C.; Eberl, S.; Krupitza, G.; Mader, R.M.; Jadav, S.S.; Jayaprakash, V.; Fritzer-Szekeres, M.; Szekeres, T.; Saiko, P.
Thiosemicarbazone derivatives, thiazolyl hydrazones, effectively inhibit leukemic tumor cell growth Down-regulation of ribonucleotide reductase activity and synergism with arabinofuranosylcytosine
Food Chem. Toxicol.
108
53-62
2017
Homo sapiens (P23921)
brenda
Lee, B.; Ha, S.Y.; Song, D.H.; Lee, H.W.; Cho, S.Y.; Park, C.K.
High expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 correlates with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Gut and liver
8
662-668
2014
Homo sapiens (P31350)
brenda
Foskolou, I.P.; Jorgensen, C.; Leszczynska, K.B.; Olcina, M.M.; Tarhonskaya, H.; Haisma, B.; DAngiolella, V.; Myers, W.K.; Domene, C.; Flashman, E.; Hammond, E.M.
Ribonucleotide reductase requires subunit switching in hypoxia to maintain DNA replication
Mol. Cell
66
206-220.e9
2017
Homo sapiens (Q7LG56)
brenda
Arnaoutov, A.; Dasso, M.
Enzyme regulation. IRBIT is a novel regulator of ribonucleotide reductase in higher eukaryotes
Science
345
1512-1515
2014
Homo sapiens (P23921)
brenda