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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.14.13.129 - beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Word Map on EC 1.14.13.129
- 1.14.13.129
- dopamine
- testosterone
- zeaxanthin
-
alpha-hydroxylase
- phytoene
-
xanthophyl
- astaxanthin
-
beta-hydroxylation
- lycopene
- androstenedione
-
carotenogenic
- haematococcus
-
ketolase
- pluvialis
-
ketocarotenoids
-
o-deethylase
- violaxanthin
-
anti-dopamine
-
carotenogenesis
-
beta-cyclase
-
o-dealkylase
- canthaxanthin
-
pentoxyresorufin
- zeta-carotene
- octopamine
-
20-oxidase
- saporin
- uredovora
- alpha-carotene
- beta-cryptoxanthin
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.14.13.129
-
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2 = zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
-
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2 = beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
(1a)
-
-
-
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2 = zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
(1b)
-
-
-
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
beta-carotene,NADH:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase
Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a beta-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate.
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
malfunction
-
the homozygous b1/b2 double mutant does not show obvious growth defects and though beta-carotene-derived xanthophylls are reduced to 20% of wild type levels (much more than either b1 or b2 single mutant), the full complement of alpha- and beta-carotene-derived xanthophylls is still synthesized, albeit beta-carotene-derived xanthophylls are produced at lower levels in the double mutant
malfunction
-
the chy1chy2 double mutant shows reduced conversion of beta-carotene into beta-beta-xanthophylls
malfunction
-
mis-expressing of the individual hydroxylases can impact carotenoids metabolic flux, with the effect of AtB1 over-expression on beta-carotene metabolism being the most pronounced
malfunction
in the homozygous b1 b2 double mutant both beta-hydroxylase activities are eliminated, but beta-ring-hydroxylated xanthophylls (L, V, and N) still are synthesized, albeit at lower levels than in ecotype Wassilewskija or in either single mutant. Xanthophylls N and V are reduced by 90 and 65%, respectively, and there is a 30% increase in xanthophyll L relative to ecotype Wassilewskija. As with the single beta-hydroxylase mutants, beta-carotene is unchanged relative to the wild type and beta-cryptoxanthin does not accumulate; in the homozygous b1 b2 double mutant both beta-hydroxylase activities are eliminated, but beta-ring-hydroxylated xanthophylls (L, V, and N) still are synthesized, albeit at lower levels than in ecotype Wassilewskija or in either single mutant. Xanthophylls N and V are reduced by 90 and 65%, respectively, and there is a 30% increase in xanthophyll L relative to ecotype Wassilewskija. As with the single beta-hydroxylase mutants, beta-carotene is unchanged relative to the wild type and beta-cryptoxanthin does not accumulate
malfunction
-
knockout of DSM2 influences the transcript levels of stress-related basic leucine zipper transcription factor genes
malfunction
-
knock-out of the gene reduces lutein and increases alpha-carotene, contributing to sensitivity to intense light
malfunction
a A709G mutation in the beta-carotene hydroxylase gene results in accumulation of beta-carotene and conversion of red to orange color in pepper fruit
metabolism
CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production
metabolism
CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production
metabolism
CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production
metabolism
CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production; CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production
metabolism
a key regulatory enzyme in the beta-beta-branch of carotenoid biosynthesis
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in lutein biosynthesis and also alpha-carotene hydroxylation
metabolism
-
CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production
-
metabolism
-
CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production; CrtZ is one of ratelimiting enzymes for astaxanthin ((3S,3'S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) production
-
physiological function
-
beta-carotene hydroxylase is necessary for synthesis of essentially all xanthophylls of higher plant chloroplasts
physiological function
beta-hydroxylase 1 and 2 are functionally redundant in vivo; beta-hydroxylase 1 and 2 are functionally redundant in vivo
physiological function
-
the beta-carotene hydroxylase gene DSM2 confers drought and oxidative stress resistance by increasing xanthophylls and abscisic acid synthesis in rice. DSM2 contributes to photosynthetic efficiency and NPQ capacity in rice
physiological function
Chx is an important regulatory enzyme in carotenogenesis and its expression may increase in the process of fruit development; Chx is an important regulatory enzyme in carotenogenesis and its expression may increase in the process of fruit development
physiological function
-
beta-carotene hydroxylase is required during petal development
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
4-ketozeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
4-ketozeaxanthin is adonixanthin
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
4-ketozeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
4-ketozeaxanthin is adonixanthin
-
?
alpha-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeinoxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
-
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NADH + 2 H2O
-
beta-carotene is only partly converted into zeaxanthin by Chx, though a major portion (75-80%) is left
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
zeinoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
the enzyme prefers alpha-carotene over beta-carotene as a substrate
-
-
?
beta-zeacarotene + NADH + H+ + O2
hydroxy-beta-zeacarotene + NAD+ + H2O
-
beta-zeacarotene is 7',8'-dihydro-beta,psi-carotene
hydroxy-beta-zeacarotene is 7',8'-dihydro-beta,psi-carotene-3-ol
-
?
canthaxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
phoenicoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
canthaxanthin is beta,beta-carotene-4-4'-dione
-
-
?
echinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
3-hydroxyechinenone + NAD+ + H2O
-
echinenone is beta,beta-carotene-4-one
-
-
?
echinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
4-ketozeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
conversion occurs via 3- and 3'-hydroxyechinenone
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3'-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyechinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
adonixanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
adonirubin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
adonirubin is also named phoenicoxanthin or (3S)-3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
-
-
?
adonirubin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
adonirubin is also named phoenicoxanthin or (3S)-3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
-
-
?
adonirubin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
adonirubin is also named phoenicoxanthin or (3S)-3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
-
-
?
adonirubin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
adonirubin is also named phoenicoxanthin or (3S)-3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
-
-
?
adonirubin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
adonirubin is also named phoenicoxanthin or (3S)-3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
-
-
?
adonirubin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
adonirubin is also named phoenicoxanthin or (3S)-3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
-
-
?
alpha-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
zeinoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
alpha-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
zeinoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
zeaxanthin is beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction
zeaxanthin is beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of beta-carotene at 3- and 3'-positions
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
zeaxanthin is 3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
-
zeaxanthin is 3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NADP+ + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NADP+ + 2 H2O
the hydroxylase activity is strictly dependent upon the presence of NADPH, ferredoxin, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and catalase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NADP+ + 2 H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess greater ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NADP+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NADP+ + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
the BCH1 and BCH2 enzymes primarily catalyze the two beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
upon in vitro reconstitution of CYP175A1 activity with purified recombinant flavodoxin and flavodoxin reductase from Escherichia coli, only very low beta-cryptoxanthin production is observed
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
beta-cryptoxanthin is 3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
beta-cryptoxanthin is 3-hydroxy-beta,beta-carotene
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
LUT1/CYP97C1 protein reveals a major beta-carotene hydroxylase activity in vivo when depleted in its preferred substrate alpha-carotene
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
the hydroxylase activity is strictly dependent upon the presence of NADPH, ferredoxin, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and catalase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADPH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-cryptoxanthin + NADPH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
the hydroxylase activity is strictly dependent upon the presence of NADPH, ferredoxin, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and catalase
-
-
?
canthaxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
astaxanthin is also named adonirubin
-
?
canthaxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
-
astaxanthin is also named adonirubin
-
?
canthaxanthin + NADPH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess greater ability to convert canthaxanthin to astaxanthin than beta-carotene to zeaxanthin
-
-
?
canthaxanthin + NADPH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess greater ability to convert canthaxanthin to astaxanthin than beta-carotene to zeaxanthin
-
-
?
canthaxanthin + NADPH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert canthaxanthin to astaxanthin than beta-carotene to zeaxanthin
-
-
?
cryptoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
3'-hydroxyechinenone + 3-hydroxyechinenone + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
3'-hydroxyechinenone + 3-hydroxyechinenone + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
3'-hydroxyechinenone + 3-hydroxyechinenone + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + NADH + H+ + O2
3'-hydroxyechinenone + 3-hydroxyechinenone + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
phoenicoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
phoenicoxanthin is adonirubin
-
-
?
phoenicoxanthin + NADH + H+ + O2
astaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
astaxanthin is 3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4-4'-dione
-
?
additional information
?
-
although beta-hydroxylase 1 is active toward beta-rings, it can also add a hydroxyl group to epsilon-rings in vitro, although at much lower efficiency
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
although beta-hydroxylase 1 is active toward beta-rings, it can also add a hydroxyl group to epsilon-rings in vitro, although at much lower efficiency
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
although beta-hydroxylase 2 is most active toward beta-rings, it can also add a hydroxyl group to epsilon-rings in vitro, although at much lower efficiency
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
although beta-hydroxylase 2 is most active toward beta-rings, it can also add a hydroxyl group to epsilon-rings in vitro, although at much lower efficiency
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the beta-hydroxylase is weakly (6%) active towards epsilon-rings in comparison to beta-rings
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the epsilon rings of delta-carotene (epsilon,psi-carotene) and alpha-zeacarotene(7',8'-dihydro-epsilon,psi-carotene) are poor substrates for the enzyme
-
-
-
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
beta-carotene + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2
zeaxanthin + 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
B3SGL0
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
zeinoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
the enzyme prefers alpha-carotene over beta-carotene as a substrate
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
?
-
the enzyme can convert not only the (un-substituted) beta ring but also the 4-ketolated beta-ring into the respective 3-hydroxylated groups
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
beta-cryptoxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
H6TBL3
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + NADH + H+ + O2
zeaxanthin + NAD+ + H2O
-
LUT1/CYP97C1 protein reveals a major beta-carotene hydroxylase activity in vivo when depleted in its preferred substrate alpha-carotene
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Ferredoxin
the hydroxylase is strictly dependent upon reduced ferredoxin which cannot be replaced by NADPH
-
NADH
-
the beta-carotene hydroxylase reaction proceeds in the absence of externally added cofactors. However, electron donors, such as NAD, NADPH, and ascorbate were able to stimulate the reaction
NADPH
-
the beta-carotene hydroxylase reaction proceeds in the absence of externally added cofactors. However, electron donors, such as NAD, NADPH, and ascorbate were able to stimulate the reaction
additional information
-
the monooxygenase cofactors consist of FAD, NADPH, and ATP. This cofactor combination increases the activity of CrtZ about 1.5fold compared to the control
-
additional information
-
the monooxygenase cofactors consist of FAD, NADPH, and ATP. This cofactor combination increases the activity of CrtZ about 1.5fold compared to the control
-
additional information
-
the monooxygenase cofactors consist of FAD, NADPH, and ATP. This cofactor combination increases the activity of CrtZ about 1.5fold compared to the control
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Fe2+
Iron
additional information
Fe2+
-
all incubations containing Fe2+ possess an activity higher than the control value, indicating that Fe2+ is the most influential effector
Fe2+
-
all incubations containing Fe2+ possess an activity higher than the control value, indicating that Fe2+ is the most influential effector
Fe2+
-
required for activity, the beta-hydroxlyase is a non-heme diiron enzyme
Fe2+
-
all incubations containing Fe2+ possess an activity higher than the control value, indicating that Fe2+ is the most influential effector
Iron
the enzyme is a non-heme di-iron protein; the enzyme is a non-heme di-iron protein
additional information
-
the addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect
additional information
-
the addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect
additional information
-
the addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect
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INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
cytochrome c
addition of cytochrome c to the incubation medium inhibits hydroxylase activity
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
sodium cholate
-
0.01% (v/v) promotes small enhancement in activity
additional information
-
in the case of CrtZ, about a 6fold elevation of activity is experienced when the dioxygenase mixture (Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and catalase) is used, the addition of the dinucleotides NAD+, NADP+ and flavins FAD, FMN (at a concentration of 1 mM) to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect
-
additional information
-
in the case of CrtZ, about a 6fold elevation of activity is experienced when the dioxygenase mixture (Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and catalase) is used. The addition of the dinucleotides NAD+, NADP+ and flavins FAD, FMN (at a concentration of 1 mM) to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect
-
additional information
-
in the case of CrtZ, about a 6fold elevation of activity is experienced when the dioxygenase mixture (Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and catalase) is used; the addition of the dinucleotides NAD+, NADP+ and flavins FAD, FMN (at a concentration of 1 mM) to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
57000
-
using beta-carotene as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication
100000
-
using canthaxanthin as substrate, in 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication
150000
-
using beta-carotene as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication
467000
-
using canthaxanthin as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication
617000
-
using beta-carotene as substrate, in 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication
1000000
-
using canthaxanthin as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
the expression level of peel tissue is higher than that of flesh and pedicel tissues in fruit
additional information
CrtR-b2 transcript levels are absent in leaves and sepals
additional information
-
CrtR-b2 transcript levels are absent in leaves and sepals
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
34000
estimated from amino acid sequence; estimated from amino acid sequence
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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Purification/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ammonium sulfate precipitation, phenyl Sepharose column chromatography, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography
-
Q-Sepharose column chromatography, Talon nickel-affinity resin column chromatography, and Mono Q column chromatography
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in Escherichia coli
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha cells
expressed in Escherichia coli JM101 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli JM109 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli JM109 cells; expressed in Escherichia coli JM109 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli strain JM101 and in Arabidopsis thaliana under the control of the seed-speciWc napin promoter from Brassica napus
-
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
enzyme down-regulation increases beta-carotene contents (38fold) and total carotenoids in transgenic plant cells and enhances their antioxidant capacity
high-light intensity leads to a transient increase in carotenoid hydroxylase mRNA level. Addition of sodium acetate and ferrous sulfate and increasing the light intensity results in a strong increase in steady-state mRNA level of the carotenoid hydroxylase after 8 h with the highest transcript level of carotenoid hydroxylase at 24 to 48 h
-
high-light intensity leads to a transient increase in carotenoid hydroxylase mRNA level. Addition of sodium acetate and ferrous sulfate and increasing the light intensity results in a strong increase in steady-state mRNA level of the carotenoid hydroxylase after 8 h with the highest transcript level of carotenoid hydroxylase at 24 to 48 h; there are increased L-carotene hydroxylase mRNA steady state levels after induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
-
-
in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the light induction of carotenoid hydroxylase is abolished
the addition of compounds inducing reactive oxygen species like methyl viologen does not influence transcript levels of carotenoid hydroxylase. No transcript for carotenoid hydroxylase is detected after growth for 4 days under a dark/light cycle and low-light conditions
the CHX1 gene is not regulated during fruit ripening at the transcriptional level; the CHX2 gene is not regulated during fruit ripening at the transcriptional level
the DSM2 transcript level is induced (7-9fold) by drought and salt treatments and slightly induced by abscisic acid
-
there are increased L-carotene hydroxylase mRNA steady state levels after induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis
transcript levels of the beta-carotene hydroxylase gene bhy are increased to 182% during flower development
in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the light induction of carotenoid hydroxylase is abolished
-
in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the light induction of carotenoid hydroxylase is abolished
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
-
-
the addition of compounds inducing reactive oxygen species like methyl viologen does not influence transcript levels of carotenoid hydroxylase. No transcript for carotenoid hydroxylase is detected after growth for 4 days under a dark/light cycle and low-light conditions
-
the addition of compounds inducing reactive oxygen species like methyl viologen does not influence transcript levels of carotenoid hydroxylase. No transcript for carotenoid hydroxylase is detected after growth for 4 days under a dark/light cycle and low-light conditions
Haematococcus lacustris Flotow NIES-144
-
-
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ENGINEERING
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
-
mutants chy1chy2lut5 and chy1chy2lut2lut5 show almost no expression of LUT5 and strongly increased expression of LUT1
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.14.13.129)
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