4.2.3.131: miltiradiene synthase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about miltiradiene synthase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 4.2.3.131
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4.2.3.131
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diterpenoids
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salvia
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diterpene
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tanshinones
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miltiorrhiza
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synthases
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copalyl
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triptolide
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wilfordii
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tripterygium
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hairy
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carnosol
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glandular
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ent-cpp
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lamiaceae
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jasmonate
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labdane-related
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cyclases
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ferruginol
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benthamiana
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trichome
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cosy
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one-hybrid
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synthesis
- 4.2.3.131
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diterpenoids
- salvia
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diterpene
- tanshinones
- miltiorrhiza
- synthases
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copalyl
- triptolide
- wilfordii
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tripterygium
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hairy
- carnosol
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glandular
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ent-cpp
- lamiaceae
- jasmonate
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labdane-related
- cyclases
- ferruginol
- benthamiana
- trichome
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cosy
-
one-hybrid
- synthesis
Reaction
Synonyms
ent-kaurene synthase-like, IrTPS4, kaurene synthase-like, kaurene synthase-like 1, kaurene synthase-like 2, KSL, KSL1, KSL2, KSL3, RoSKL1, RoSKL2, SfKSL, SmiKSL, SmMDS, TPS4, TwTPS27v2
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General Information on EC 4.2.3.131 - miltiradiene synthase
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
RNA interference targeting either both of the copalyl diphosphate synthases, TwTPS7v2 and TwTPS9v2, or the subsequently acting miltiradiene synthase, TwTPS27v2, leads to decreased production of triptolide
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
relationship of CPS and KSL genes and metabolic connection
evolution
the enzyme TwTPS27v2 belongs to the terpene synthases superfamily and the TPS-b subfamily
evolution
TwTPS27 belongs to the terpene synthase super family, subfamily TPS-b, additional diTPS detected in clade TPS-b detected in Tripterygium wilfordii roots by transcriptome analysis, overview
metabolism
Lamiaceae-specific clade genes (IrCPS1 and IrCPS2) synthesize the intermediate copalyl diphosphate (normal-CPP), while IrCPS4 and IrCPS5 synthesize the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP). IrKSL2, IrKSL4, and IrKSL5 react with ent-CPP to produce an ent-isopimaradiene-like compound, ent-atiserene and ent-kaurene, respectively. Correspondingly, the Lamiaceae-specific clade genes IrKSL1 or IrKSL3 combined with normal-CPP lead to the formation of miltiradiene. Proposed diterpenoid biosynthesis in Isodon rubescens with two sequential diterpene synthases CPS1 and 2 and KSL1 and 3, overview. Miltiradiene is the precursor of abietatriene
metabolism
miltiradiene is the relevant precursor in the biosynthesis of tripolide. Triptolide production is induced by methyl jasmonate. ENzyme TwTPS7v2, TwTPS9v2 and TwTPS27v2 are involved in triptolide biosynthesis
metabolism
miltiradiene synthase TwTPS27 couples with copalyl diphosphate synthase TwTPS9 converting normal copalyl diphosphate to miltiradiene, GC-MS analysis of TwTPS9/CPS and TwTPS27 assay products. Detection of several simple abietane-type diterpenes and triptolide in the root, specific targeting of the transcriptome of the root for discovery of additional candidate TPSs with a characteristic DxDD motif and involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoids in Tripterygium wilfordii, overview
metabolism
several stereoisomers of copalyl diphosphate (CDP) are found, among which the most common is ent-CDP, the precursor of gibberellins. Other isomers are syn-CDP and normal-CDP, the latter being utilized for the biosynthesis of diterpene resin acids in Gymnosperms and abietane-type tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. The second step of the cyclization is initiated through the formation of a carbocation upon ionization of the diphosphate linkage of CDP. This is catalyzed by class I terpene synthases which can transform CDP into a variety of polycyclic diterpenoids. By analogy to other labdane-type diterpenoids, the biosynthesis of the diterpene precursor of the carnosic acid pathway in rosemary proceeds in two sequential steps catalyzed by two distinct enzymes. The first is a class II TPS enzyme, CPS1, EC 5.5.1.12, that yields normal CDP, which then is converted by a KSL enzyme to yield an abietane diterpene, miltiradiene. Miltiradiene synthase appears in two isoforms, RoKSL1 and RoKSL2, in Rosmarinus officinalis. Hypothetical biosynthetic pathway of carnosic acid and carnosol produced in Rosmarinus officinalis, overview
physiological function
Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression of copalyl diphosphate synthase CPS1 with isoform KSL1 results in the production of miltiradiene plus about 25% abietatriene
physiological function
enzyme SfKSL is responsible for the formation of the carnosic acid precursor miltiradiene
physiological function
miltiradiene is the relevant precursor in the biosynthesis of tripolide. Triptolide and celastrol are the main active diterpenoid and triterpenoid ingredients, respectively, that exhibit impressive and effective anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities and make Tripterygium wilfordii a medicinal plant
physiological function
miltiradiene synthase TwTPS27 couples with copalyl diphosphate synthase TwTPS9 converting normal copalyl diphosphate to miltiradiene
