4.2.1.1: carbonic anhydrase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about carbonic anhydrase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 4.2.1.1
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4.2.1.1
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acetazolamide
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bicarbonate
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sulfonamide
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isozymes
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hypoxia
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glaucoma
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intraocular
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acidosis
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epithelium
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hypoxia-inducible
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metalloenzyme
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endothelial
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ocular
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acidification
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acid-base
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na+
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tubule
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duct
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tumor-associated
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prostaglandin
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diuretic
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osteoclast
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basolateral
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gill
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rubisco
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calcification
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topiramate
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reabsorption
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cotransporter
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electrolyte
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glut-1
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branchial
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open-angle
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antiepileptic
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beta-blockers
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h+-atpase
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acuity
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hif-1alpha
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hypotensive
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anticonvulsant
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hypercapnia
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alkalosis
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microelectrodes
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amiloride
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furosemide
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biomineralization
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drug development
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pharmacology
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environmental protection
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diagnostics
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cystoid
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thiazide
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medicine
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hydrochlorothiazide
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analysis
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glaucomatous
- 4.2.1.1
- acetazolamide
- bicarbonate
- sulfonamide
- isozymes
- hypoxia
- glaucoma
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intraocular
- acidosis
- epithelium
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hypoxia-inducible
-
metalloenzyme
- endothelial
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ocular
-
acidification
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acid-base
- na+
- tubule
- duct
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tumor-associated
- prostaglandin
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diuretic
- osteoclast
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basolateral
- gill
- rubisco
- calcification
- topiramate
-
reabsorption
-
cotransporter
-
electrolyte
-
glut-1
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branchial
-
open-angle
-
antiepileptic
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beta-blockers
- h+-atpase
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acuity
- hif-1alpha
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hypotensive
-
anticonvulsant
-
hypercapnia
- alkalosis
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microelectrodes
- amiloride
- furosemide
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biomineralization
- drug development
- pharmacology
- environmental protection
- diagnostics
-
cystoid
-
thiazide
- medicine
- hydrochlorothiazide
- analysis
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glaucomatous
Reaction
Synonyms
(CA) XIV, AaCA1, alkalistable alpha-carbonic anhydrase, alpha carbonic anhydrase, alpha class carbonic anhydrase, alpha-CA, alpha-carbonic anhydrase, alpha-carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, alpha-class carbonic anhydrase, alpha-type CA, alpha-type carbonic anhydrase, alphaCA, alphaCA1, Am CA, AmCA, anhydrase, ASCA, AtCA1, AtCA2, AtCAL1, AtCAL2, B13-CA, BCA II, bCA IV, BCAII, BCAIIGln253Cys, beta carbonic anhydrase, beta-CA, beta-carbonic anhydrase, beta-class carbonic anhydrase, betaCA, betaCA1, BhCA, bovine carbonic anhydrase II, bsCA I, bsCA II, CA, CA 1, CA 3, CA I, CA II, CA III, CA IV, CA IX, CA VA, CA VB, CA VI, CA VII, CA VIII, CA XII, CA XIII, CA XIV, Ca XV, CA-I, CA-II, CA-III, CA-IX, CA-VA, CA-VB, CA-VI, CA-VII, CA-XII, CA-XIV, CA1, CA14x, CA2, CA2 homolog, CA2-like, CA3, CA4, CA5A, CA6, CA9, CAA, CAA1, CAA2, Cab, cab-type beta-class carbonic anhydrase, cadmium carbonic anhydrase, CAH3, CAH7, CAH8, CAI, CAII, CAIII, CAIV, CAIX, Cam, CamH, CaN, Can2, canA, canB, CaNce103, carbonate anhydrase, Carbonate dehydratase, carbonate dehydratase I, carbonate dehydratase III, Carbonate dehydratase IX, Carbonate dehydratase VA, Carbonate dehydratase VB, Carbonate dehydratase VI, Carbonate dehydratase VII, Carbonate dehydratase XII, Carbonate dehydratase XIV, carbonate hydro-lyase, carbonate hydrolase, carbonate hydrolyase, carbonic acid anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase 1, carbonic anhydrase 14, carbonic anhydrase 2, carbonic anhydrase 3, carbonic anhydrase 5A, carbonic anhydrase 6, carbonic anhydrase 9, carbonic anhydrase cambialistic enzyme, carbonic anhydrase I, carbonic anhydrase I (CA I) Michigan 1, carbonic anhydrase II, carbonic anhydrase III, carbonic anhydrase isozyme I, carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, carbonic anhydrase isozyme III, carbonic anhydrase isozyme IV, carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX, carbonic anhydrase IV, carbonic anhydrase IX, carbonic anhydrase type III, carbonic anhydrase V, carbonic anhydrase VA, carbonic anhydrase VI, carbonic anhydrase VII, carbonic anhydrase XII, carbonic anhydrase XIII, carbonic anhydrase XIV, carbonic anhydrase XV, carbonic anhydrase-I, carbonic anhydrase-II, carbonic anhydrase-related protein, carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII, carbonic dehydratase, carboxyanhydrase, CARP, CAS1, CAS2, CasCAc, CasCAg, CAV, CAVA, CAXII, CcaA, CcmM, CDCA1, chloroplast carbonic anhydrase, clCA, CmCA, CO2 hydrase, CO2 hydratase, CPB, CpsCA, CpsCAgamma, CrCAH3, CsoSCA, cynT, CynT2, cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase, Dca, dCA I, dCA II, dCAII, DDCA, dehydratase, carbonate, delta carbonic anhydrase, delta-carbonic anhydrase, delta-class CA, diatom carbonic anhydrase, Dsp-aCAopt sp., dual domain-carbonic anhydrase, dual-domain carbonic anhydrase, DVU_1777, E84A MTCA, eCA, ECCA, erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase, eta-CA, eta-carbonic anhydrase, external carbonic anhydrase, extracellular carbonic anhydrase, FbiCA 1, fCA, gamma carbonic anhydrase 1, gamma carbonic anhydrase 2, gamma carbonic anhydrase-like 1, gamma carbonic anhydrase-like 2, gamma-CA, gamma-CA1, gamma-CA2, gamma-CAL1, gamma-CAL2, gamma-carbonic anhydrase, gamma-class carbonic anhydrase, gammaCA, H216N ATCA, H64A HCA II, HC II, HCA, hCA I, HCA II, hCA III, hCA IV, hCA IX, hCA VA, hCA VB, hCA VI, hCA VII, hCA XII, hCA XIV, hCA XIV catalytic domain, HCA-I, HCA-II, hCAII, HcCA3, HICA, HP1186, hpalphaCA, hpbetaCA, human carbonic anhydrase, human carbonic anhydrase I, human carbonic anhydrase II, human carbonic anhydrase III, human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme I, human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II, human carbonic anhydrase IX, human carbonic anhydrase XII, human carbonic anhydrase XIV, Ice-CA, icfA, isozyme CA II, isozyme CA IV, LdcCA, luminal carbonic anhydrase, lwCA, mCA V, mCA XIII, Membrane antigen MN, mesohalophilic carbonic anhydrase, MG-CA, MgaCA, More, mtcA1, mtcA2, MtCam, MTCY373.03, Nce103, NcoCA, NGCA, NstCcmM209, OEC33 protein, P54/58N, pentraxin-CA VI, pentraxin-carbonic anhydrase, PERMA_1443, PF3D7_1140000, PfCAdom, PgiCA, PgiCAb, PGJ_00014320, PhaCAgamma, PhCamH, photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase, Pl-can, plant-type (beta-class) carbonic anhydrase, PMCA, pMW1, poly-[Hb-SOD-CAT-CA], polyhemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase, PtCA1, RCC-associated antigen G250, Renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250, RT erythrocyte CA, Rv1248, Rv1284, Rv3273, Rv3588c, SABP3, Salivary carbonic anhydrase, SazCA, scCA, Secreted carbonic anhydrase, secretory carbonic anhydrase, secretory carbonic anhydrase VI, SspCA, STPCA, STPCA-2, SULAZ_0541, TacA, TCAb, TCAc, TcCA, Tcru, Tcr_1545, Theam_1576, tobacco salicylic acid-binding protein 3, Tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3, TWCA1, TweCA, VchCA
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4.2.1.1 carbonic anhydraseAdvanced search results
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results (Source Tissue
Source Tissue on EC 4.2.1.1 - carbonic anhydrase
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SOURCE TISSUE 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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activity of carbonic anhydrase is significantly lower in patients with renal cell carcinoma than in controls
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isoenzyme specific for mucus of colon. Human mucus CA differs from cytosolic CAI and CAII, membrane-bound CAIV, and the secreted CAVI of saliva
in-situ hybridization shows that the HcCA3 is expressed in both inside and outside epidermal cells
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fast limb muscle, high activity of isoenzyme CA3, message levels of isoenzyme CA2 and CA4 are higher in extraocular muscle than in extensor digitorum longus, expression of isoenzyme CA5 is equivalent in extraocular muscle and extensor digitorum longus
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isoenzyme CA3 is depressed, message levels of isoenzyme CA2 and CA4 are higher in extraocular muscle than in extensor digitorum longus, expression of isoenzyme CA5 is equivalent in extraocular muscle and extensor digitorum longus
CA XIII is found mainly in surface epithelial cells of the body and antrum segments. carbonic anhydrase XIII
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membraneous lateral wall, stria vascularis, spiral ligament, spiral prominence, outer sulcus
isoform hCA IX is not usually expressed in healthy tissues but is found in over 30 kinds of solid tumor cancers to date
very low expression level of isozyme pentraxin-carbonic anhydrase
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umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA-hv926
elevated levels of extracellular carbonic anhydrase-I (CA-I) in vitreous from individuals with diabetic retinopathy, suggesting that retinal hemorrhage and erythrocyte lysis contribute to the diabetic vitreous proteome
additional information
the expression of the gene encoding CamH is substantially greater in acetate-grown cells than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells
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the expression of the gene encoding CamH is substantially greater in acetate-grown cells than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells
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the expression of the gene encoding CamH is substantially greater in acetate-grown cells than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells
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the expression of the gene encoding CamH is substantially greater in acetate-grown cells than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells
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the expression of the gene encoding CamH is substantially greater in acetate-grown cells than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells
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the expression of the gene encoding CamH is substantially greater in acetate-grown cells than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells
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Pl-can temporal and spatial expression profiles, analyzed throughout embryo development by comparative quantitative PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH), shows that Pl-can mRNA is specifically expressed in the primary mesenchyme cells of the embryo and levels increase along with the growth of the embryonic skeleton, reaching a peak at the pluteus stage
at apical membrane of some epithelial cells surrounding the tertiary water channels and to a lesser extent at the apical membrane of some epithelial apical immunofluorescence epithelial cells as compared with the control
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carbonic anhydrase activity is sensitive to zinc and copper inputs from the environment. Carbonic anhydrase activity is increased by zinc or iron in the range of lower Zn or Fe additions, and is inhibited by zinc or iron for the higher Zn or Fe additions. Carbonic anhydrase activity is inhibited by copper at a very low Cu addition level
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carbonic anhydrase C2, differs from the usual C1 form by having a Cys replacement for Arg at residue 180
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developmental expression profile of CA-II in erythrocytes of male and female chicken, age-related changes of CA-II levels in erythrocytes, overview
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developmental expression profile of CA-II in erythrocytes of male and female chicken, age-related changes of CA-II levels in erythrocytes, overview
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carbonic anhydrase H differs from carbonic anhydrase C in having an Asp rather than Asn at a position 9 residues removed from the COOH-terminal end of the molecule
induction of anemia causes 30-60fold increase in anaemic animals
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about 90% of the CA activity in erythrocytes is due to the high activity CA II-like isoform, 10% are due to a low activity CA XIII isozyme
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erythrocyte isoform CA XIII. About 90% of the CA activity in erythrocytes is due to a high activity CA II-like isoform, 10% are due to the low activity CA XIII isozyme
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contains 2 major forms of enzyme: high-activity type and low-activity type
expression of the cytoplasmic isoform in the posterior gill (CasCAc) undergoes a significantly greater degree of up-regulation after exposure to low salinity (15·p.p.t.) as compared to high salinity. CasCAc has the largest scope of induction (100fold) reported for any transportrelated protein in the gill
the membrane associated isoform CasCAg is present in much higher levels of mRNA expression in both anterior and posterior gills in crabs acclimated to high salinity (35·p.p.t.) compared to crabs acclimated to low salinity
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carbonic anhydrase activity is low and uniform across gills in shrimp acclimated to osmolarity of 30 ppt, but carbonic anhydrase activity increases in all gils after exposure to both low and high salinities. Anterior gills have the largest increases in carbonic anhydrase activity, and levels of increase are approximately the same for low and high salinity exposure. Induction of branchial carbonic anhydrase appears to be functionally important in both hyper- and hypo-osmotic regulations of hemolymph osmotic concentrations
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pavement cells forming the gill epithelial surface layer, mucous cells, pillar cells bordering the vascular channels of the secondary lamellae, chloride cells, mitochondria-rich cells located in the primary epithelium, interlamellar regions, bases of the secondary lamellae
very low expression level of isozyme pentraxin-carbonic anhydrase
in both renal cortex and medulla the strongest expression is confined to the collecting ducts and weak expression can be found in the glomerulus, carbonic anhydrase XIII
expressed in cortical and medullary ducts, carbonic anhydrase XIII
strongest expression of CA XIV is detected in the cortex region, where it is restricted to the proximal tubules of S1 and S2 segments, carbonic anhydrase XIV
carbonic anhydrase 3. CA3 gene transcripts are the most abundant CA transcripts in the leaf tissues of all plants examined, being at least 50 times more plentiful than either CA1 or CA2 mRNAs. CA3 gene expression is at least 1000 times greater in leaves than in roots or flowers
low transcript level, carbonic anhydrase 1. Levels of CA1 mRNA are highest in leaves, albeit about 100fold lower than the levels of CA3 transcripts in these organs
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low transcript level, carbonic anhydrase 1. Levels of CA1 mRNA are highest in leaves, albeit about 100fold lower than the levels of CA3 transcripts in these organs
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carbonic anhydrase 3. CA3 gene transcripts are the most abundant CA transcripts in the leaf tissues of all plants examined, being at least 50 times more plentiful than either CA1 or CA2 mRNAs. CA3 gene expression is at least 1000 times greater in leaves than in roots or flowers
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during the period of maximal growth (February-May), maximal activity of carbonic anhydrase is observed in fully expanded and illuminated leaves
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Caplan-1 cell line, which is derived from a liver metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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contains carbonic anhydrase I, II and III. Male livers contain about 5times more carbonic anhydrase II than females
expression in the posterior mantle pallial (pMP) is significantly higher than that in the anterior mantle pallial (aMP), and expression is low in the mantle center (MC). Expression in the aMP, pMP and MC is significantly higher in purple mussels compared with that in white mussels
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the effect of zinc on the activity of CAIX in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and membrane ghosts derived from these cells is examined. In neither setting any significant elevation of CAIX activity is measured
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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preferentially associated with the posterior midgut in both males and females
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slow-fibre type and fast-fibre type. Slow-fibre type muscle contains carbonic anhydrase I, II and III. Fast-fibre type muscle contains carbonic anhydrase I and II
very low expression level of isozyme pentraxin-carbonic anhydrase
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Caplan-1 cell line, which is derived from a liver metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
CA XIV is highly expressed on both the basal and apical surfaces of the pigmented epithelial cells of the retina, carbonic anhydrase XIV
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functional carbonic anhydrase genes are more strongly expressed in green tissue, but strong expression is also found in roots for alphaCA2
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functional carbonic anhydrase genes are more strongly expressed in green tissue, but strong expression is also found in roots for betaCA3 and betaCA6
carbonic anhydrase 2 is the most abundant carbonic anhydrase transcript in roots
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carbonic anhydrase 2 is the most abundant carbonic anhydrase transcript in roots
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inner cortical cells, both genes encoding LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 code for nodule enhanced carbonic anhydrase isoforms, which are induced early during nodule development, overview
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inner cortical cells, both genes encoding LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 code for nodule enhanced carbonic anhydrase isoforms, which are induced early during nodule development, overview
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functional carbonic anhydrase genes are more strongly expressed in green tissue, but strong expression is also found in roots for alphaCA2
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functional carbonic anhydrase genes are more strongly expressed in green tissue, but strong expression is also found in roots for betaCA3, betaCA6
tibial anterior musle and soleus muscle, broad expression of CAIII in mouse skeletal muscles. Postnatal downregulation and reexpression of CAIII in adult tibial anterior muscle
Mus musculus 129SEVE
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tibial anterior musle and soleus muscle, broad expression of CAIII in mouse skeletal muscles. Postnatal downregulation and reexpression of CAIII in adult tibial anterior muscle
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additional information
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real-time RT-PCR analysis reveals the temporal expression pattern of genes cah-1, cah-2, cah-3, cah-4, cah-5, and cah-6
additional information
immunohistochemic analysis of enzyme distribution in zebrafish tissues, quantitative expression analysis of ca6 mRNA in wild-type and the ca6 morphant zebrafish at different stages of development
additional information
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immunohistochemic analysis of enzyme distribution in zebrafish tissues, quantitative expression analysis of ca6 mRNA in wild-type and the ca6 morphant zebrafish at different stages of development
additional information
CA2 transcripts are equally abundant in all organs examined
additional information
CA2 transcripts are equally abundant in all organs examined
additional information
CA2 transcripts are equally abundant in all organs examined
additional information
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CA2 transcripts are equally abundant in all organs examined
additional information
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CA2 transcripts are equally abundant in all organs examined
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additional information
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the concentration of CA-II in the erythrocytes of WL-chicken is much higher than that in erythrocytes from Araucana-chicken
additional information
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the concentration of CA-II in the erythrocytes of WL-chicken is much higher than that in erythrocytes from Araucana-chicken
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additional information
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the normal mucosa adjacent to the tumors also does not display expression of carbonic anhydrase IX
additional information
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CAIX is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, but is most frequently absent in corresponding normal tissues
additional information
CA XIV is highly expressed in all parts of the central nervous system and to a lesser extent in adult liver, heart, small intestine, colon, kidney, urinary bladder and skeletal muscle
additional information
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CA XIV is highly expressed in all parts of the central nervous system and to a lesser extent in adult liver, heart, small intestine, colon, kidney, urinary bladder and skeletal muscle
additional information
human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) is a tumour-associated enzyme overexpressed in several malignant human tumours
additional information
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human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) is a tumour-associated enzyme overexpressed in several malignant human tumours
additional information
the protein sequence of the enzyme contains a signal peptide composed of 19 amino acid residues (MVVATVILLLACAAVSNCV). Quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis and in-situ hybridization in mussel tissues, overview
additional information
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the protein sequence of the enzyme contains a signal peptide composed of 19 amino acid residues (MVVATVILLLACAAVSNCV). Quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis and in-situ hybridization in mussel tissues, overview
additional information
expression patterns of isozymes LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 by in situ hybridization, both are expressed in nodule inner cortical cells, vascular bundles and central tissue, overview
additional information
expression patterns of isozymes LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 by in situ hybridization, both are expressed in nodule inner cortical cells, vascular bundles and central tissue, overview
additional information
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expression patterns of isozymes LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 by in situ hybridization, both are expressed in nodule inner cortical cells, vascular bundles and central tissue, overview
additional information
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expression patterns of isozymes LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 by in situ hybridization, both are expressed in nodule inner cortical cells, vascular bundles and central tissue, overview
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additional information
immunohistochemic analysis using monoclonal antibody against CP3, mAb CP3, detailed overview. No CAIII is detected by CP3 in mouse heart and bladder smooth muscle, or in extensor digitorum longus muscle
additional information
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immunohistochemic analysis using monoclonal antibody against CP3, mAb CP3, detailed overview. No CAIII is detected by CP3 in mouse heart and bladder smooth muscle, or in extensor digitorum longus muscle
additional information
Mus musculus 129SEVE
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immunohistochemic analysis using monoclonal antibody against CP3, mAb CP3, detailed overview. No CAIII is detected by CP3 in mouse heart and bladder smooth muscle, or in extensor digitorum longus muscle
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additional information
unlike isoenzyme TCAb, isoenzyme TCAc lacks tissue specificity and may be expressed in the cytoplasm of all cells
additional information
unlike isoenzyme TCAb, isoenzyme TCAc lacks tissue specificity and may be expressed in the cytoplasm of all cells
additional information
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unlike isoenzyme TCAb, isoenzyme TCAc lacks tissue specificity and may be expressed in the cytoplasm of all cells
additional information
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heart, liver and muscle have negligible levels of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase activity
additional information
A0A2D1CFJ9
quantitative and semiquantitative RT-PCR expression analysis and in situ hybridization
additional information
the DDCA is localized apically in certain epithelial cells near the base of the ctenidial filament and the epithelial cells surrounding the tertiary water channels. No or very poor expression in inner mantle, foot muscle, byssal muscle, heart, hepatopancreas, and kidney of Tridacna squamosa kept in darkness for 12 h, immunofluorescent tissue distribution analysis
additional information
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the DDCA is localized apically in certain epithelial cells near the base of the ctenidial filament and the epithelial cells surrounding the tertiary water channels. No or very poor expression in inner mantle, foot muscle, byssal muscle, heart, hepatopancreas, and kidney of Tridacna squamosa kept in darkness for 12 h, immunofluorescent tissue distribution analysis
additional information
the outer mantle, which contains the highest density of tertiary tubules and exosymbiont zooxanthellae, displays high level of CA2-like expression, and CA2-like is localized to the tubule epithelial cells. Cloning of CA2 homolog (CA2-like) from the fleshy and colorful outer mantle as well as the thin and whitish inner mantle of Tridacna squamosa to determine its cellular and subcellular localization. Immunofluorescent enzyme localization study
