4.1.1.28: aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 4.1.1.28
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4.1.1.28
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dopaminergic
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serotonin
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parkinsonism
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monoamine
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striatum
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catecholamine
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neurotransmitter
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carbidopa
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noradrenaline
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levodopa
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norepinephrine
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benserazide
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5-hydroxytryptamine
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substantia
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dopac
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serotonergic
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tryptamine
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nigrostriatal
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catharanthus
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catechol-o-methyltransferase
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roseus
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beta-hydroxylase
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5-hydroxyindoleacetic
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homovanillic
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3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
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catecholaminergic
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dyskinesia
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dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
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alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
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5-hiaa
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pargyline
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strictosidine
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monoaminergic
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raphe
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l-dopa-induced
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l-dihydroxyphenylalanine
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apomorphine
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antiparkinsonian
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gamma-butyrolactone
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tuberoinfundibular
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autoreceptors
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3-methoxytyramine
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quinpirole
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entacapone
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catecholamine-synthesizing
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dihydroxyphenylacetic
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non-dopaminergic
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phenylethanolamine
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pharmacology
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analysis
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6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned
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medicine
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drug development
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synthesis
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tolcapone
- 4.1.1.28
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dopaminergic
- serotonin
- parkinsonism
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monoamine
- striatum
- catecholamine
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neurotransmitter
- carbidopa
- noradrenaline
- levodopa
- norepinephrine
- benserazide
- 5-hydroxytryptamine
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substantia
-
dopac
-
serotonergic
- tryptamine
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nigrostriatal
- catharanthus
- catechol-o-methyltransferase
- roseus
- beta-hydroxylase
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5-hydroxyindoleacetic
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homovanillic
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3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
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catecholaminergic
- dyskinesia
- dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
- alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
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5-hiaa
- pargyline
- strictosidine
-
monoaminergic
-
raphe
-
l-dopa-induced
- l-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- apomorphine
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antiparkinsonian
- gamma-butyrolactone
-
tuberoinfundibular
-
autoreceptors
- 3-methoxytyramine
- quinpirole
- entacapone
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catecholamine-synthesizing
-
dihydroxyphenylacetic
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non-dopaminergic
- phenylethanolamine
- pharmacology
- analysis
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6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned
- medicine
- drug development
- synthesis
- tolcapone
Reaction
Synonyms
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine carboxylase, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan hydroxylase, 5HTP decarboxylase, AAAC, AAAD, AACD, AADC, AADC1A, AADC1B, AADC393, AADC438, AADC486, Alt-DDC, aromatic acid acid decarboxylase, Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase 1A, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase 1B, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase, aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, CrTDC, DDC, Decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid, Di-ADC, Dihydroxyphenylalanine-5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, DOPA DC, dopa decarboxilase, DOPA decarboxylase, DOPA-5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, DOPA/5HTP decarboxylase, dopamine decarboxylase, EC 4.1.1.26, EC 4.1.1.27, HsDDC, Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, L-5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, L-amino acid decarboxylase, L-amino-acid decarboxylase, L-Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, L-aromatic aminoacid decarboxylase, L-DOPA decarboxylase, L-Tryptophan decarboxylase, neural-type DDC, non-neural DDC, PP_2552, TDC, TDC2, Tenebrio Dopa decarboxylase, Trp decarboxylase, Tryptophan decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase-1, tryptophan decarboxylase-2, TYDC, Tydc9, Tyrosine/Dopa decarboxylase
ECTree
4.1.1.28 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Specific Activity
Specific Activity on EC 4.1.1.28 - aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg] 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
0.00000113
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determined in homogenates of renal cortex of 3/4 nephrectomized rats after 26 weeks
0.00001427
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determined in homogenates of renal cortex of sham surgery rats (control) after 10 weeks
0.00001653
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determined in homogenates of renal cortex of sham surgery rats (control) after 26 weeks
0.00001893
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determined in homogenates of renal cortex of 3/4 nephrectomized rats after 10 weeks
0.00003
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enzyme from HTB-14 cells, at 37°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.0003
0.0006
0.0012
0.0325
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activity of AADC, control level without treatment of L-DOPA in PC-12 cells
3.67
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activity in peripheral leukocytes, determined by radiochemical method at 37°C
additional information
additional information
Ddc activity is required for Escherichia coli phagocytosis
additional information
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Ddc activity is required for Escherichia coli phagocytosis
additional information
phagocytosis, melanization and nodulation in insects depending on dopa decarboxylase activity, because antibodies against Ddc and inhibitors of Ddc activity prevent haemocyte aggregation and melanization in the presence of excess Escherichia coli
additional information
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phagocytosis, melanization and nodulation in insects depending on dopa decarboxylase activity, because antibodies against Ddc and inhibitors of Ddc activity prevent haemocyte aggregation and melanization in the presence of excess Escherichia coli
additional information
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specific activity 490 U/mg, enzyme activity is expressed in nanomole of substrate transformed per minute per milliliter of enzyme preparation
additional information
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after gene transfer in nondegenerating striatal neurons in patients, transgene expression of AADC can be monitored in the putamen
additional information
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altered enzyme activity and regulation contributes to the decreasing therapeutic response of L-dopa
additional information
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although the obtained specific activity values are found to be lower than the activity values observed in embryonic K293 cells, the data strongly suggest the endogenous dopamine production in these types of cells and underline the complexity of the dopamine synthetic pathway
additional information
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enzyme activity is 0 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 4 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 33-79 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 0 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 7 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 23-34 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 0 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 9 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 23-34 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 0.2 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 1 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 47-119 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 0.6 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 3 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 33-79 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 0.6 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 8 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 23-34 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 1.6 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 6 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 36-129 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is 4.0 pmol/ml plasma per min, patient 5 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 47-119 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is below 1 U/l plasma, patient 2 with AAAD deficiency (reference range 18-34 pmol/ml plasma per min)
additional information
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enzyme activity is closely associated with substrate response and is a determining factor for the formation of dopamine
additional information
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the purified enzyme shows a specific activity of 3.67 units/mg at 37°C
additional information
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2076 nmol CO2/h/g wet female adrenal gland tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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21 nmol CO2/h/g wet female skeletal muscle tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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21 nmol CO2/h/g wet male testis tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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2174 nmol CO2/h/g wet male small intestine tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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2322 nmol CO2/h/g wet male adrenal gland tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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27 nmol CO2/h/g wet male skeletal muscle tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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310 nmol CO2/h/g wet male heart tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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3200 nmol CO2/h/g wet male liver tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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3247 nmol CO2/h/g wet female kidney tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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34 nmol CO2/h/g wet female ovary tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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3410 nmol CO2/h/g wet female liver tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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384 nmol CO2/h/g wet female small intestine tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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42 nmol CO2/h/g wet male prostate tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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457 nmol CO2/h/g wet male pancreas tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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476 nmol CO2/h/g wet female heart tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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533 nmol CO2/h/g wet female pancreas tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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636 nmol CO2/h/g wet male kidney tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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798 nmol CO2/h/g wet male brain, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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853 nmol CO2/h/g wet female brain tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
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enzyme activity is closely associated with substrate response and is a determining factor for the formation of dopamine
additional information
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estrogen ablation or treatment with estradiol does not affect DDC activity
additional information
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in kidney, DNA and protein levels of DDC are remarkably higher in females than in males (sexual dimorphism)
additional information
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in striatum and retina, kinetic activation of AAAD is rapid, short-lasting and characterized by changes in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate and the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
additional information
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in the small intestine, male mice display higher levels of activity than females (sexual dimorphism)
additional information
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sexual dimorphism of DCC in kidney has physiological relevance in sodium homeostasis
additional information
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treatment of female mice with testosterone propionate elicits a robust increase in DCC activity in duodenum and jejunum, which is weaker in the ileum
additional information
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treatment of females with testosterone propionate for short periods of time (24 and 48 h) does not significantly affect renal DCC activity, although levels of mRNA produces a marked decrease in the kidney
additional information
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treatment of males with the antiandrogen flutamide for short periods of time (24 and 48 h) does not significantly affect renal DCC activity, although levels of mRNA produces a marked increase in the kidney
additional information
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110% activity compared to control level, treatment with 0.02 mM L-DOPA in PC-12 cells at 1 h (time point)
additional information
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237% activity compared to control level, treatment with 0.02 mM L-DOPA in PC-12 cells at 3 h (time point)
additional information
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242% activity compared to control level, treatment with 0.1 mM L-DOPA in PC-12 cells at 1 h (time point)
additional information
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269% activity compared to control level, treatment with f 0.1 mM L-DOPA in PC-12 cells at 3 h (time point)
additional information
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311% activity compared to control level, treatment with 0.2 mM L-DOPA in PC-12 cells at 1 h (time point)
additional information
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348% activity compared to control level, treatment with 0.2 mM L-DOPA in PC-12 cells at 3 h (time point)
additional information
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enzyme activity is closely associated with substrate response and is a determining factor for the formation of dopamine
additional information
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in striatum and retina, kinetic activation of AAAD is rapid, short-lasting and characterized by changes in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate and the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
additional information
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The activity of AADC begins to decrease to about 177% (0.02 mM L-DOPA), 233% (0.1 mM L-DOPA) and 297% (0.2 mM L-DOPA) of the control levels by 3-6 h, and then returns to control level by about 24-48 h
additional information
The course of the reaction of Y332 mutant with 0.3 mM L-dopa has been followed at different enzyme concentrations. Although the shapes of the profiles for the interconversion of the 2 coenzymatic forms (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate) are similar at all the enzyme concentrations tested. At each enzyme concentration there are 2 phases: at first, pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate increases at the expense of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and then this tendency is reversed until approximately 85% of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor is regenerated, the amount of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate formed relative to the initial pyridoxal 5'-phosphate content of the enzyme, during consumption of L-dopa, increases as the enzyme concentration decreases. At higher enzyme concentrations, where L-dopa consumption is faster, the accumulation of the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate-intermediate is less appreciable. In every case the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate species is generated during the course of linear formation of products.
