4.1.1.22: histidine decarboxylase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about histidine decarboxylase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 4.1.1.22
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4.1.1.22
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high-dose
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mast
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autologous
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histaminergic
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mucosa
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stomach
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gastrin
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marrow
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alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
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hypothalamus
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hematopoietic
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enterochromaffin-like
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cyclophosphamide
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oxyntic
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allergic
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etoposide
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biogenic
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relapsed
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chromogranin
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thiotepa
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basophil
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decarboxylases
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melphalan
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cimetidine
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tuberomammillary
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carboplatin
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pyrilamine
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stem-cell
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omeprazole
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event-free
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hypergastrinemia
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h1-receptors
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morganii
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morganella
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thioperamide
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mucositis
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carmustine
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standard-dose
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busulfan
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pentagastrin
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tourette
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mepyramine
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sleep-wake
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fundic
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mastocytoma
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reinfusion
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cell-deficient
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drug development
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medicine
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aminergic
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diagnostics
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nutrition
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chlorpheniramine
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snell
- 4.1.1.22
-
high-dose
-
mast
-
autologous
-
histaminergic
- mucosa
- stomach
- gastrin
- marrow
- alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
- hypothalamus
-
hematopoietic
-
enterochromaffin-like
- cyclophosphamide
-
oxyntic
-
allergic
- etoposide
-
biogenic
-
relapsed
-
chromogranin
-
thiotepa
-
basophil
- decarboxylases
- melphalan
- cimetidine
-
tuberomammillary
- carboplatin
-
pyrilamine
-
stem-cell
- omeprazole
-
event-free
-
hypergastrinemia
-
h1-receptors
- morganii
- morganella
- thioperamide
- mucositis
- carmustine
-
standard-dose
-
busulfan
- pentagastrin
- tourette
-
mepyramine
-
sleep-wake
- fundic
- mastocytoma
-
reinfusion
-
cell-deficient
- drug development
- medicine
-
aminergic
- diagnostics
- nutrition
-
chlorpheniramine
-
snell
Reaction
Synonyms
DCHS, Decarboxylase, histidine, HDC, HdcA, HisDCase, histamine-forming enzyme, L-Histidine decarboxylase, pyruvoyl-dependent decarboxylase, pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylase, TOM92
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4.1.1.22 histidine decarboxylaseAdvanced search results
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results (General Information
General Information on EC 4.1.1.22 - histidine decarboxylase
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the family of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent decarboxylases
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
malfunction
filaggrin expression in cultured keratinocytes increased following histamine depletion. Histidine decarboxylase expression is increased in the epidermis of patients with eczema
malfunction
truncated forms of the enzyme are related to the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, phenotype MIM number 137580. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are related to nicotine dependence and other additive behaviors. Gene-disease associations and common pathologies, detailed overview
metabolism
L-histidine decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme for histamine biosynthesis
metabolism
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L-histidine decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme for histamine biosynthesis
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physiological function
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the enzyme and its product, histamine, are involved in multiple inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, some neurological and neuroendocrine diseases, osteroporosis, fertility, and several types of neoplasia
physiological function
human oxyntic mucosa contains four major types of neuroendocrine cells (ECL, ghrelin, serotonin and somatostatin cells). ECL cells are the most abundant type, and they produce histamine. The histamine-synthesizing ability of ECL cells is based on cytosolic HDC. Histamine might be transported by VMAT-2 into the secretory vesicles
physiological function
L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is the enzyme responsible for histamine biosynthesis in tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) neurons of the posterior hypothalamus, the rate-limiting enzyme for histamine biosynthesis might be upregulated during chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) because histamine plays a major role in maintaining wakefulness. Upregulation of L-HDC within the tuberomammillary complex during chronic REM-SD is responsible for maintaining wakefulness. Chronic loss of sleep causes the rat to manifest a number of pathologies or syndromes
physiological function
lipopolysaccharide, house dust mite (HDM) extract, and cytokines, which are implicated in allergic inflammation, promote the expression of the enzyme and upregulate histamine levels in keratinocytes. Actively produced histamine influences keratinocyte differentiation, suggesting functional relevance of the axis to atopic dermatitis. HDC expression in keratinocytes is increased in atopic dermatitis
physiological function
neuronal histamine exerts anorexigenic effects in chicks
physiological function
the enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of histamine. It is involved in common physiological functions, such as neurotransmission, gastrointestinal track function, immunity, cell growth and cell differentiation. Tissue-specific and time-specific transcriptional HDC regulation must exist, as it behaves as an inducible gene expressed in a very reduced set of cell types. The complexity of HDC expression regulatory mechanisms is also increased by the fact that the enzyme needs to be activated by proteolytic processing and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms at the level the enzyme turnover level cannot be discarded. Memory seems to be an important physiological function involving histamine, dopamine, and serotonin
physiological function
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L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is the enzyme responsible for histamine biosynthesis in tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) neurons of the posterior hypothalamus, the rate-limiting enzyme for histamine biosynthesis might be upregulated during chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) because histamine plays a major role in maintaining wakefulness. Upregulation of L-HDC within the tuberomammillary complex during chronic REM-SD is responsible for maintaining wakefulness. Chronic loss of sleep causes the rat to manifest a number of pathologies or syndromes
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additional information
active site residues of the dimeric enzyme are Tyr334B, Asp273A, Lys305A, and Ser354B, which are involved in catalysis
additional information
structural and functional analogies and differences between histidine decarboxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) molecular networks, overview. Human histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC) are highly homologous enzymes responsible for the synthesis of biogenic amines (BA) like histamine, and serotonin and dopamine, respectively
additional information
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structural and functional analogies and differences between histidine decarboxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) molecular networks, overview. Human histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC) are highly homologous enzymes responsible for the synthesis of biogenic amines (BA) like histamine, and serotonin and dopamine, respectively
