3.5.4.1: cytosine deaminase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about cytosine deaminase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 3.5.4.1
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3.5.4.1
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cytidine
-
deaminases
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5-fluorocytosine
-
deamination
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prodrugs
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virion
-
hypermutation
-
viruses
-
5-fluorouracil
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apolipoprotein
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retroviruses
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suicide
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uracil
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retroviral
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apobecs
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single-stranded
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antiretroviral
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polypeptide-like
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mrna-editing
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g-to-a
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bystander
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activation-induced
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retrotransposons
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anti-hiv-1
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proviral
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retroelements
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lentiviruses
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encapsidation
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ganciclovir
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deoxycytidine
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retrotransposition
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ssdna
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fiv
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samhd1
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cullin
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minus-strand
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replication-competent
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gene-directed
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sivmac
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medicine
-
line-1
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hsv-tk
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vpr
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gdept
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non-ltr
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molecular biology
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xenotropic
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analysis
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pharmacology
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biotechnology
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trim5alpha
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diagnostics
-
proviruses
-
nickase
-
agriculture
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single-cycle
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elongins
- 3.5.4.1
- cytidine
- deaminases
- 5-fluorocytosine
-
deamination
-
prodrugs
- virion
-
hypermutation
- viruses
- 5-fluorouracil
-
apolipoprotein
- retroviruses
-
suicide
- uracil
-
retroviral
-
apobecs
-
single-stranded
-
antiretroviral
-
polypeptide-like
-
mrna-editing
-
g-to-a
-
bystander
-
activation-induced
-
retrotransposons
-
anti-hiv-1
-
proviral
-
retroelements
- lentiviruses
-
encapsidation
- ganciclovir
- deoxycytidine
-
retrotransposition
- ssdna
- fiv
- samhd1
-
cullin
-
minus-strand
-
replication-competent
-
gene-directed
- sivmac
- medicine
-
line-1
-
hsv-tk
- vpr
-
gdept
-
non-ltr
- molecular biology
-
xenotropic
- analysis
- pharmacology
- biotechnology
- trim5alpha
- diagnostics
- proviruses
-
nickase
- agriculture
-
single-cycle
-
elongins
Reaction
Synonyms
A3DE, APOBEC1, APOBEC3, APOBEC3G, CD, CDA, CDase, codA, CodA protein, Cytosine aminohydrolase, cytosine deaminase, cytosine deaminase I, cytosine deaminase II, cytosine deaminase P, cytosine deaminase S, cytosine deaminase Y, Fca1p, FCY1, isocytosine deaminase, yCD, Zn2+CDase
ECTree
3.5.4.1 cytosine deaminaseAdvanced search results
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results (Substrates Products
Substrates Products on EC 3.5.4.1 - cytosine deaminase
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SUBSTRATE 
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
cytidine + H2O
1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
pyrimidin-2-one + H2O
(4R)-hydroxyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine + ?
stabilization of a transition-state analogue at the active site of cytosine deaminase with importance of proton transfer from the Zn hydroxide group to Glu64 during the nucleophilic attack, quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics and free energy simulations, active site structure, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
209493, 209496, 209497, 209502, 209503, 209507, 209508, 667616, 670746, 684772, 685669, 685673, 685848, 685938, 687168, 688280, 688927, 711669, 719155
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
recombinant enzyme encoded in an adenoviral vector expressed in murine cancers or human cancer cell lines for prodrug cancer gene therapy, Ad/5HREp-BCD-mediated cytotoxicity under hypoxic conditions, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
recombinant enzyme in transfected cells, cytotoxic effects of the enzyme expressed form the AdLPCD vector, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
recombinant enzyme, combination of cytosine deaminase with uracil phosphoribosyl transferase leads to local and distant bystander effects against RM1 prostate cancer in mice in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
recombinant fusion enzyme, cytotoxicity could be enhanced by concurrently treating TKglyCD-expressing cells with prodrugs ganclocivir and 5-fluorocytosine, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug to the cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy by recombinant adenoviral vector expressed enzyme in human glioma cells, leads to increased 5-fluorouracil-mediated cell killing, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
activation of the prodrug to the cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy by recombinant enzyme, the cytosine deaminase gene acts as suicide gene leading to increased 5-fluorouracil-mediated murine colorectal cancer cell killing, liposomal formulation of substrate 5-fluorocytosine using dipalmitoylphopshatidylcholine and cholesterol in a 1:1 ratio, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug to the cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy through the recombinant fusion enzyme cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase in human cancer cell lines, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
direct inoculation of murine and human brain tumor cell lines, murine neuroblastoma and human glioma cells, with the enzyme transmitted in a recombinant HSV-1 viral oncolytic vector results in cytotoxicity and destruction of cancer cells wth increased cytotoxicity for neighbouring cells, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
used as negative selection marker system, increased 5-fluorocytosine sensitivity in Streptomyces lividans
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) with free and liposomal 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), antitumor effects of liposomal 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) increased if compared to free prodrug
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
recombinant enzyme expressed in Clostridium sp.
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to the anticander drug 5-fluorouracil
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
release of 5-fluorouracil is rate-limiting and may involve multiple steps
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug by the recombinant fusion enzyme, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
inside a cell, cytosine and 5-fluorocytosine compete for the active site of the enzyme
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
recombinant enzyme in gene therapy in human glioblastoma cell lines Y87-1 and Y87-2
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
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activation of the prodrug
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug to the cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy by recombinant enzyme in melanoma cells, leads to increased 5-fluorouracil-mediated cell killing, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
activation of the prodrug to the cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy, gene therapy with the FCY1 gene, encoding the enzyme, alone is not effective in treatement of pancreatic cancer, co-expression with uracil phosphoribosyltranferase encoding gene FUR1, as fusion enzyme, can confer sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil to some pancreatic cancer cells, but not to all, thus it might also not be an effective therapy in pancreatic cancer, overview
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
activation of the prodrug, 5-fluorouracil is an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and RNA function
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug, product release is the rate-limiting step during the activation to the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
activation of the prodrug, the cytosine deaminase gene is an alternative gene for negative selection producing the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil, sensitivity of cells to 5-FU can be further increased by expression of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, which catalyzes the conversion of 5-FU to 5-fluorouridine monophosphate
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
reaction of cytosine deaminase, the uracil phosphoribosyl transferase part in a chimeric bifunctional enzyme converts 5-fluorouracil into 5-fluoro-UMP, which is a precursor for the cell toxic 5-fluoro-UTP, used for negative selection of transgenic Plasmodium falciparum parasites
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
recombinant protein of cytosine deaminase used as antigen for biopanning approach, antibody-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (GDEPT/ADEPT), binding of specific single chain fragment variable (scFv) with cytosine deaminase does not interfere with enzyme activity
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
recombinant cytosine deaminase in gene therapy, expression and function in transgenic cell lines and xenograft tumors
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
recombinant enzyme in gene therapy, expression analysis in transgenic mice with xenograft tumors, optical imaging technologies
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-fluorocytosine + H2O
5-fluorouracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-methylcytosine + H2O
thymine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-methylcytosine + H2O
thymine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
5-methylcytosine + H2O
thymine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
creatinine + H2O
N-methylhydantoin + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
-
137029, 209484, 209487, 209488, 209489, 209493, 209496, 209497, 209498, 209502, 209503, 209504, 209505, 209506, 209507, 209508, 667616, 670746, 675179, 684772, 685669, 685673, 685848, 685938, 687168, 688280, 688927, 711669, 718902, 719155
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
treatment of BDIX rat colon cancer cells using the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine suicide system induces apoptosis, modulation of the proteome, and Hsp90beta phosphorylation, mechanism of the anticancer effect, overview
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
-
209484, 209485, 209486, 209487, 209488, 209489, 209492, 209493, 209494, 209495, 209497, 209501, 209506, 209507, 209508, 654095, 667664, 673932, 685615, 685937, 687192, 688612, 713064
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
uracil binding structure at the active site, analysis by ab initio ONIOM-MD simulations showing that uracil is strongly perturbed by Ile33, which sandwiches uracil with His62, through the steric contact due to the thermal motion, detailed overview
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
the enzyme is a pyrimidine salvage pathway enzyme, inside a cell, cytosine and 5-fluorocytosine compete for the active site of the enzyme
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
molecular dynamics study of the ligand release path in yeast cytosine deaminase, the active site is well protected by the C-terminal helix, residues 150158, and F-114 loop, residues 111117, substrate binding structure, overview
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
the cytosine deamination proceeds via a sequential mechanism involving the protonation of the N3 of cytosine, a nucleophilic attack on C4 by the Zn-coordinated hydroxide, and the cleavage of the C4-N4 bond, combined two-layer ONIOM quantum chemical-molecular dynamics study, method, development, overview
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
cytosine + H2O
uracil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no substrate: 5-azacytosine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is an important member of the pyrimidine salvage pathway
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is an important member of the pyrimidine salvage pathway
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
creatinine is a poor substrate for Zn2+CDase and apoCDase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
adenovirus-mediated hypoxia-targeting cytosine deaminase gene therapy enhances radiotherapy in tumour xenografts of murine tumors, e.g. in human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa and human pancreatic carcinoma cell line MIA PaCa-2, as well as in human colon carcinoma cell lines WiDr and HT29, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
combination of cytosine deaminase suicide gene expression with treatment with antibody against human death receptor DR5 increases cancer cell cytotoxicity, the death receptors are involved in TNF-related factor-induced apoptosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
low-dose etoposide enhances telomerase-dependent adenovirus-mediated cytosine deaminase gene therapy through augmentation of adenoviral infection and transgene expression in a syngeneic bladder tumor model, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is useful in gene therapy of cancers, conjugation of poly-L-lysine to cytosine deaminase improves the efficacy of enzyme/prodrug cancer therapy, e.g. by a 50times higher cellular uptake than that of control molecules in human breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and increase stability after uptake into cells, uptake and intracellular distribution, mechanisms, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is useful in treatment of human ovarian cancer by genetic prodrug activation therapy with procaspase-3 co-expression improving the method, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a small fraction of human mitochondrial genomes are edited by APOBEC3 deaminases in the cytoplasm. Nuclear DNA tably segments of MYC and TP53, can be hyperedited by APOBEC3A
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
cytosine deaminase gene therapy combined with radiation treatment in breast cancer is evaluated in a 4T1murine breast carcinoma model, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine exposure induces bystander and radiosensitization effects in hypoxic glioblastoma cell lines Y87-1 and Y87-2 in vitro, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytosine deaminase gene acts as a suicide gene by catalyzing the conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to cytotoxic 5-fluorouracil, fusion of the HSV-1 tegument protein vp22 to cytosine deaminase confers enhanced bystander effect and increased therapeutic benefit in cancer gene therapy of gliosarcoma cells and murine 9L tumors, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the rate-determining step of the reaction concerns the breaking of the product-metal binding state and has a barrier of about 18 kcal/mol. The protonation of cytosine by Glu64 in the substrate binding stage as well as the product transport step are also important and influence the whole catalytic efficiency, due to their considerable barriers (12-13 kcal/mol). The driving force for the overall enzymatic reaction likely comes from the reactant delivery to the active site of the protein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the rate-determining step of the reaction concerns the breaking of the product-metal binding state and has a barrier of about 18 kcal/mol. The protonation of cytosine by Glu64 in the substrate binding stage as well as the product transport step are also important and influence the whole catalytic efficiency, due to their considerable barriers (12-13 kcal/mol). The driving force for the overall enzymatic reaction likely comes from the reactant delivery to the active site of the protein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the rate-determining step of the reaction concerns the breaking of the product-metal binding state and has a barrier of about 18 kcal/mol. The protonation of cytosine by Glu64 in the substrate binding stage as well as the product transport step are also important and influence the whole catalytic efficiency, due to their considerable barriers (12-13 kcal/mol). The driving force for the overall enzymatic reaction likely comes from the reactant delivery to the active site of the protein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
5-methylcytosine, cytidine, deoxycytidine and CMP are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
5-methylcytosine, cytidine, deoxycytidine and CMP are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
5-methylcytosine, cytidine, 5'-CMP, adenine, adenosine, 5'-AMP, guanine, guanosine, 5'-GMP and GMP are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
5-methylcytosine, cytidine, 5'-CMP, adenine, adenosine, 5'-AMP, guanine, guanosine, 5'-GMP and GMP are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
5-methylcytosine, cytidine, 5'-CMP, adenine, adenosine, 5'-AMP, guanine, guanosine, 5'-GMP and GMP are no substrates
-
-
?
