3.5.1.92: pantetheine hydrolase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about pantetheine hydrolase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 3.5.1.92
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3.5.1.92
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cysteamine
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pantothen
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gpi-anchored
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ectoenzyme
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pantothenamides
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gelatinase-associated
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walter
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aminothiol
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pantethine
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biotinidase
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julius
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medicine
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diagnostics
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drug development
- 3.5.1.92
- cysteamine
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pantothen
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gpi-anchored
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ectoenzyme
- pantothenamides
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gelatinase-associated
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walter
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aminothiol
- pantethine
- biotinidase
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julius
- medicine
- diagnostics
- drug development
Reaction
Synonyms
GPI-80, PAGEL, pantetheinase, pantetheinase-associated gene expressed in leukocytes, pantetheinases, pantetheine hydrolase, vanin, vanin 1, vanin gene family, vanin-1, vanin-1 pantetheinase, vanin-2, vanin-3, vascular non-inflammatory molecule-1, vascular noninflammatory molecule 1, VNN-1, VNN1, Vnn1 pantetheinase, VNN2, VNN3
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General Information
General Information on EC 3.5.1.92 - pantetheine hydrolase
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malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
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vanin 1 knockout mice display an enhanced resistance to oxidative stress and show down-regulated tissue inflammation in response to oxidative stress. Vanin knockout mice exhibit a loss of cysteamine-mediated inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Vanin 1 deficient islets are twice as susceptible to cell death as wild type cells
malfunction
enzyme vanin-1 mutation N131S is associated with high blood pressure or hypertension via vanin-1 misfolding and degradation as the underlying molecular mechanism
malfunction
evaluation of the effects of the inactivation of vnn1 on the development of fibrosis, endothelial alterations, and immunological activation in mice with HOCl- and bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis (SSc). The vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway is activated in wild-type BALB/c mice through hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced SSc. Hyperactivity of the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway may reduce the vasculoprotective effects of pantethine, while genetic inactivation of vanin-1 has a protective effect
malfunction
mutant mice with a reduced serum pantetheinase activity are anemic and prone to phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. A cytofluorometric and spectroscopic analysis documents an increased frequency of erythrocytes with an autofluorescent aging phenotype. This is associated with an enhanced oxidative stress and shear stress-induced hemolysis. Red blood cell transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments show that the aging phenotype is not cell intrinsic but conferred by the environment, leading to a shortening of red blood cell half-life. Phenotype analysis, detailed overview
malfunction
PPAR-alpha KO mice show a negligible liver vnn1 expression, even after stimulation with various agonists. Vanin 1 overexpression increases glucose output by specifically increasing the hepatic transcription levels of gluconeogenic genes, while vnn1 knockdown decreases the glucose output of murine hepatocytes
malfunction
Vnn1 deficiency favors soft tissue sarcoma development in p16/p19-/- mice
malfunction
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evaluation of the effects of the inactivation of vnn1 on the development of fibrosis, endothelial alterations, and immunological activation in mice with HOCl- and bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis (SSc). The vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway is activated in wild-type BALB/c mice through hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced SSc. Hyperactivity of the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway may reduce the vasculoprotective effects of pantethine, while genetic inactivation of vanin-1 has a protective effect
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malfunction
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mutant mice with a reduced serum pantetheinase activity are anemic and prone to phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. A cytofluorometric and spectroscopic analysis documents an increased frequency of erythrocytes with an autofluorescent aging phenotype. This is associated with an enhanced oxidative stress and shear stress-induced hemolysis. Red blood cell transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments show that the aging phenotype is not cell intrinsic but conferred by the environment, leading to a shortening of red blood cell half-life. Phenotype analysis, detailed overview
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metabolism
enzyme Vnn1 is a valid biomarker for aggressive soft tissue sarcomas (STS) prognosis. Analysis of a route to regulate tumor growth rates through the modulation of CoA and cysteamine levels
metabolism
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formation of pantothenic acid allows for a continuous production of CoA, as pantothenic acid is a structural component of this cofactor. In addition, pantothenic acid appears to have profibrotic effects, being involved in the promotion of proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, pantothenic acid contributes to restoring CoA levels in the mitochondria, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial activity. Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways
metabolism
formation of pantothenic acid allows for a continuous production of CoA, as pantothenic acid is a structural component of this cofactor. In addition, pantothenic acid appears to have profibrotic effects, being involved in the promotion of proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, pantothenic acid contributes to restoring CoA levels in the mitochondria, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial activity. Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways
metabolism
formation of pantothenic acid allows for a continuous production of CoA, as pantothenic acid is a structural component of this cofactor. In addition, pantothenic acid appears to have profibrotic effects, being involved in the promotion of proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, pantothenic acid contributes to restoring CoA levels in the mitochondria, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial activity. Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways
metabolism
formation of pantothenic acid allows for a continuous production of CoA, as pantothenic acid is a structural component of this cofactor. In addition, pantothenic acid appears to have profibrotic effects, being involved in the promotion of proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, pantothenic acid contributes to restoring CoA levels in the mitochondria, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial activity. Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways. In fact, the vnn1 gene is one of the positive targets of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) in mouse liver. PPAR-alpha is a key regulator of the liver's response to fasting
metabolism
inactivation of vnn1 on the development of fibrosis, endothelial alterations, and immunological activation in mice with HOCl- and bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis (SSc)
metabolism
the availability of free cysteamine is also regulated by hydrolysis of pantetheine by pantetheinase. This cleavage results in the formation of pantothenic acid, a precursor to coenzyme A which is prominently involved with lipid metabolism and energy production by the beta-oxidation pathway and TCA cycle, respectively. Expression of pantetheinase is controlled by the Vnn1 gene and is upregulated in response to free fatty acids, PPAR activation or oxidative stress. Vanin-1 is believed to be the primary transcript responsible for pantetheinase activity. Successful attachment of GPI following its synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires two signal sequences within the protein. The first is an N terminal signal peptide (amino acids 1-21 of human pantetheinase) that retains the target protein within the ER lumen. The second necessary sequence is a C-terminal 22 amino acid propeptide downstream of the Gly491 residue, termed the omega site, which is removed and replaced by the GPI anchor. This process is mediated by a GPI-transamidase complex composed mainly of members of the phosphatidylinositol glycan (PIG) family, including PIG-K, the catalytic subunit
metabolism
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inactivation of vnn1 on the development of fibrosis, endothelial alterations, and immunological activation in mice with HOCl- and bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis (SSc)
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metabolism
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the availability of free cysteamine is also regulated by hydrolysis of pantetheine by pantetheinase. This cleavage results in the formation of pantothenic acid, a precursor to coenzyme A which is prominently involved with lipid metabolism and energy production by the beta-oxidation pathway and TCA cycle, respectively. Expression of pantetheinase is controlled by the Vnn1 gene and is upregulated in response to free fatty acids, PPAR activation or oxidative stress. Vanin-1 is believed to be the primary transcript responsible for pantetheinase activity. Successful attachment of GPI following its synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires two signal sequences within the protein. The first is an N terminal signal peptide (amino acids 1-21 of human pantetheinase) that retains the target protein within the ER lumen. The second necessary sequence is a C-terminal 22 amino acid propeptide downstream of the Gly491 residue, termed the omega site, which is removed and replaced by the GPI anchor. This process is mediated by a GPI-transamidase complex composed mainly of members of the phosphatidylinositol glycan (PIG) family, including PIG-K, the catalytic subunit
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overexpression of vanin-1 is most strongly associated with progression to chronic pediatric immune thrombocytopenia. Vanin-1 is a peripheral blood oxidative stress sensor
physiological function
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vanin plays a role in inflammation, oxidative stress, cell migration and numerous diseases including cardiovascular disease (increased vanin 1 activity has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease). Vanin 1 has a cytoprotective effect against type 1 diabetes in islet cells. Vanin 1 is a central regulator of not only stress responses via production of cysteamine but also lipid biosynthesis by controlling the flux through the fatty acid and/or cholesterol biosynthetic pathways
physiological function
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vanin plays a role in inflammation, oxidative stress, cell migration and numerous diseases including cardiovascular disease (increased vanin 1 activity has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease). Vanin 1 has a cytoprotective effect against type 1 diabetes in islet cells. Vanin 1 is a central regulator of not only stress responses via production of cysteamine but also lipid biosynthesis by controlling the flux through the fatty acid and/or cholesterol biosynthetic pathways
physiological function
vanin-2 is known to be involved in inflammation and leukocyte migration
physiological function
vanins are enzymes with pantetheinase activity and are presumed to play a role in the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) from pantetheine. Pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient required to synthesize coenzyme A, a cofactor involved in many biological processes such as fatty acid synthesis and oxidation of pyruvate to fuel the citric acid cycle. Hydrolysis of pantetheine also liberates cysteamine, a known antioxidant
physiological function
pantetheinase hydrolyzes pantetheine to pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) in a reaction that cleaves cysteamine from the pantetheine molecule. Pantetheinase activity regulates the availability of pantothenic acid and cysteamine which are involved in several critical pathways of cell homeostasis including lipid catabolism, synthesis of cholesterol, taurine and NADH as well as maintenance of cellular redox balance. Vascular non-inflammatory molecule 1 (Vanin 1 or Vnn1) modulates redox and immune pathways in vivo, both of which appear at least partially due to a loss of cysteamine/cystamine. Vnn1 expression may influence cell signaling indirectly through maintenance of disulfide bonds or directly by interaction with pantetheinase on the cell surface. Involvement of vanin-1 and pantetheinase in liver homeostasis. Pantetheinase activity can directly influence lipid metabolism, the effects are due to decreased availability of pantothenic acid, resulting in suppression of CoA activity. Pantetheinase likely acts as a regulator of CoA-dependent metabolism by controlling the availability of pantothenic acid in liver. Pantetheinase-mediated catalysis is the main source of endogenous cysteamine in mice. Pantetheinase activity might be protective by augmenting the availability of taurine
physiological function
pantetheinase is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored enzyme, overexpressed in intestine, liver, and kidney with various biological functions such as its linkage to the inflammation and some metabolic diseases. It can hydrolyze pantetheine to cysteamine, an antioxidant, and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) that is an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA). Starvation induces pantetheinase upregulation
physiological function
the vanin-1 (vascular noninflammatory molecule 1, VNN1) gene encodes an epithelial ectoenzyme with pantetheinase activity involved in recycling coenzyme A. Pantetheine significantly reduces the IAV replication and influenza A virus (IAV) matrix 1 (M1) mRNA levels when it is administered prior to and during infection. Cysteamine treatment during IAV infection significantly reduces the viral replication and IAV M1 mRNA levels, whereas pantothenic acid does not. The metabolic pathway catalyzed by VNN1 pantetheinase plays a suppressive role in IAV infection in the respiratory tract, especially in severe conditions under hypercytokinemia
physiological function
the vanin-1 gene (vnn1) encodes an enzyme with pantetheinase activity that converts vasculoprotective pantethine into profibrotic pantothenic acid and pro-oxidant cystamine. By hydrolyzation of pantethine, vanin-1 delivers cysteamine and pantothenic acid to tissues. Cysteamine is rapidly converted into cystamine that can regulate the function of other target proteins by a disulfide reaction. In particular, cystamine abrogates glutathione (GSH) production by inhibiting gamma-glutamyl synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, thus strongly reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. In contrast, pantothenic acid, the other by-product of vanin-1, exerts profibrotic effects by promoting the proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts, as well as collagen synthesis
physiological function
tissue pantetheinase, encoded by the VNN1 gene, regulates response to stress. VNN genes contribute to the susceptibility to malaria. Serum pantetheinase contributes to erythrocyte resistance to stress under homeostatic conditions. Serum pantetheinase level regulates erythrocyte life span and modulates the risk of developing complicated malaria
physiological function
tissue pantetheinase, encoded by the VNN1 gene, regulates response to stress. VNN genes contribute to the susceptibility to malaria. Serum pantetheinase contributes to erythrocyte resistance to stress under homeostatic conditions. Serum pantetheinase level regulates erythrocyte life span and modulates the risk of developing complicated malaria
physiological function
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vanin 1 breaks down pantetheine in cysteamine and pantothenic acid, a precursor of coenzyme A. Its physiological role is not strictly related to coenzyme A metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy production. It also plays a role under physiological conditions in relation to oxidative stress and inflammation. Vanin's enzymatic activity is of key importance in certain diseases, either for its protective effect or as a sensitizer, depending on the diseased organ. But vanin-1's primary function is the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), an important precursor in the biosynthesis of coenzymeA (CoA). Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways
physiological function
vanin 1 breaks down pantetheine in cysteamine and pantothenic acid, a precursor of coenzyme A. Its physiological role is not strictly related to coenzyme A metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy production. It also plays a role under physiological conditions in relation to oxidative stress and inflammation. Vanin's enzymatic activity is of key importance in certain diseases, either for its protective effect or as a sensitizer, depending on the diseased organ. But vanin-1's primary function is the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), an important precursor in the biosynthesis of coenzymeA (CoA). Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways
physiological function
vanin 1 breaks down pantetheine in cysteamine and pantothenic acid, a precursor of coenzyme A. Its physiological role is not strictly related to coenzyme A metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy production. It also plays a role under physiological conditions in relation to oxidative stress and inflammation. Vanin's enzymatic activity is of key importance in certain diseases, either for its protective effect or as a sensitizer, depending on the diseased organ. But vanin-1's primary function is the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), an important precursor in the biosynthesis of coenzymeA (CoA). Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways. Gene vnn1 directly regulates PPAR-alpha mRNA expression in gut epithelial. Vanin 1 is an activator of hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice. Role of vanin 1 in diseases of organs in which it is highly expressed (liver, kidney, intestine, lung), detailed overview
physiological function
vanin 1 breaks down pantetheine in cysteamine and pantothenic acid, a precursor of coenzyme A. Its physiological role is not strictly related to coenzyme A metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy production. It also plays a role under physiological conditions in relation to oxidative stress and inflammation. Vanin's enzymatic activity is of key importance in certain diseases, either for its protective effect or as a sensitizer, depending on the diseased organ. But vanin-1's primary function is the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), an important precursor in the biosynthesis of coenzymeA (CoA). Vanin 1 also plays a role in the regulation of a number of metabolic pathways. Role of vanin 1 in diseases of organs in which it is highly expressed (liver, kidney, intestine, lung), detailed overview
physiological function
Vnn1 pantetheinase acts as a tumor suppressor for the development of aggressive soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The two products of pantetheinase activity exert complementary effects on the tumor, explaining the basis for Vnn1's suppression on tumor growth. Pantothenate production restores CoA levels leading to an enhanced mitochondrial activity, whereas cysteamine reduces glycolysis and prevents the transition to the Warburg effect, a feature of the most aggressive tumors. Vnn1 expression antagonizes the glycolytic switch in Ras-driven tumors. Vnn1 expression antagonizes the glycolytic switch in Ras-driven tumors
physiological function
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the vanin-1 gene (vnn1) encodes an enzyme with pantetheinase activity that converts vasculoprotective pantethine into profibrotic pantothenic acid and pro-oxidant cystamine. By hydrolyzation of pantethine, vanin-1 delivers cysteamine and pantothenic acid to tissues. Cysteamine is rapidly converted into cystamine that can regulate the function of other target proteins by a disulfide reaction. In particular, cystamine abrogates glutathione (GSH) production by inhibiting gamma-glutamyl synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, thus strongly reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. In contrast, pantothenic acid, the other by-product of vanin-1, exerts profibrotic effects by promoting the proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts, as well as collagen synthesis
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physiological function
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pantetheinase hydrolyzes pantetheine to pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) in a reaction that cleaves cysteamine from the pantetheine molecule. Pantetheinase activity regulates the availability of pantothenic acid and cysteamine which are involved in several critical pathways of cell homeostasis including lipid catabolism, synthesis of cholesterol, taurine and NADH as well as maintenance of cellular redox balance. Vascular non-inflammatory molecule 1 (Vanin 1 or Vnn1) modulates redox and immune pathways in vivo, both of which appear at least partially due to a loss of cysteamine/cystamine. Vnn1 expression may influence cell signaling indirectly through maintenance of disulfide bonds or directly by interaction with pantetheinase on the cell surface. Involvement of vanin-1 and pantetheinase in liver homeostasis. Pantetheinase activity can directly influence lipid metabolism, the effects are due to decreased availability of pantothenic acid, resulting in suppression of CoA activity. Pantetheinase likely acts as a regulator of CoA-dependent metabolism by controlling the availability of pantothenic acid in liver. Pantetheinase-mediated catalysis is the main source of endogenous cysteamine in mice. Pantetheinase activity might be protective by augmenting the availability of taurine
-
physiological function
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tissue pantetheinase, encoded by the VNN1 gene, regulates response to stress. VNN genes contribute to the susceptibility to malaria. Serum pantetheinase contributes to erythrocyte resistance to stress under homeostatic conditions. Serum pantetheinase level regulates erythrocyte life span and modulates the risk of developing complicated malaria
-
physiological function
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vanin-2 is known to be involved in inflammation and leukocyte migration
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mRNA expressions of vanin-1 significantly increases in the kidney, but not in the colon, during colitis
additional information
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mRNA expressions of vanin-1 significantly increases in the kidney, but not in the colon, during colitis
additional information
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mRNA expressions of vanin-1 significantly increases in the kidney, but not in the colon, during colitis
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