3.2.1.3: glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 3.2.1.3
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3.2.1.3
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aspergillus
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niger
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glycogen
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alpha-amylase
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maltose
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corn
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awamori
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amylolytic
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pompe
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sucrase
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myopathy
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saccharification
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rhizopus
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lactase
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brush
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sucrase-isomaltase
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acarbose
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dextrin
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glycogenosis
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maltotriose
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amylopectin
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flour
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amylases
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starch-binding
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isomaltase
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infantile
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maltodextrins
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occidentalis
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bran
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disaccharidase
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food industry
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pullulanase
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liquefaction
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beta-cyclodextrins
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debranching
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beta-amylase
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carbohydrases
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3.2.1.20
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cassava
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maltooligosaccharides
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trehalase
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saccharify
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bioethanol
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medicine
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industry
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energy production
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paper production
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glucanotransferase
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nutrition
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maltoheptaose
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analysis
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maltotetraose
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biotechnology
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cgtase
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biofuel production
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isoamylase
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liquefied
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1-deoxynojirimycin
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starchy
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synthesis
- 3.2.1.3
- aspergillus
- niger
- glycogen
- alpha-amylase
- maltose
- corn
- awamori
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amylolytic
- pompe
- sucrase
- myopathy
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saccharification
- rhizopus
- lactase
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brush
- sucrase-isomaltase
- acarbose
- dextrin
- glycogenosis
- maltotriose
- amylopectin
- flour
- amylases
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starch-binding
- isomaltase
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infantile
- maltodextrins
- occidentalis
- bran
- disaccharidase
- food industry
- pullulanase
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liquefaction
- beta-cyclodextrins
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debranching
- beta-amylase
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carbohydrases
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3.2.1.20
- cassava
- maltooligosaccharides
- trehalase
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saccharify
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bioethanol
- medicine
- industry
- energy production
- paper production
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glucanotransferase
- nutrition
- maltoheptaose
- analysis
- maltotetraose
- biotechnology
- cgtase
- biofuel production
- isoamylase
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liquefied
- 1-deoxynojirimycin
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starchy
- synthesis
Reaction
Synonyms
1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-glucohydrolase, acid maltase, alpha-(1,4)-D-glucan glucohydrolase, alpha-1,4-D-glucan glucohydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase, AMG, AmyA, AmyC, AmyD, amyloglucosidase, AnGA, APGA1, AtriGA15A, exo-1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, exo-1,4-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase, exo-1,4-alpha-glucosidase, exo-amylase, GA, GA A, GA1, GA2, GAI, GAII, GAM, GAM-1, GAM-2, gamma-amylase, GAMP, GHF15 glucoamylase, GLA, Gla1, GlaA, GLL1, Glu-1.1, Glu-A, Glu1, GlucaM, Glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase, glucoamylase, glucoamylase 1, glucoamylase 2, glucoamylase C, glucoamylase D, glucoamylase G1, glucoamylase GA15A, glucoamylase P, glucose amylase, GluR, glycoamylase, HjGA, HrGA, lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, maltase glucoamylase, maltase-glucoamylase, maltooligosaccharide-metabolizing enzyme, Meiotic expression upregulated protein 17, MGA, MGAM, More, PDE_05527, PoGA, PoGA15A, PoxGA15A, raw starch-degrading enzyme, raw starch-degrading glucoamylase, RSDE, RSDG, SBD, Sga1, SSG, Sta1, Sta1p, starch-digesting glucoamylase, TagA, tGA, TmGLA, TmGlu1, TtcGA
ECTree
3.2.1.3 glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Inhibitors
Inhibitors on EC 3.2.1.3 - glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase
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INHIBITOR 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(2S,3S,4R,5R)-1-((1S,2R,3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1H-selenophenium-1-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyheptan-3-yl sulfate
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
(2S,3S,4R,5R)-1-((1S,2R,3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1H-thiophenium-1-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyheptan-3-yl sulfate
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
(2S,3S,4S)-1-[(2S,3S,4S)-4-carboxy-2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxytetrahydrothiophenium
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a salacinol derivative, salacinol is a sulfonium ion with an internal sulfate counterion, synthesis of a compound with the D-arabinitol configuration in the heterocyclic ring displayed by salacinol, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[(1-octadecyl)-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol chloride
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[(1-tetradecyl)-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol chloride
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[(1-tetradecyl)-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol triflate
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfoxy)hexyl]episelenoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfoxy)hexyl]episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfoxy)hexyl]iminonium]-D-arabinitol
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)hexyl]-(R)-epi-seleniumylidene]-D-arabinitol inner salt
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)hexyl]-(R)-epi-sulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol inner salt
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)hexyl]-(S)-epi-seleniumylidene]-D-arabinitol inner salt
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5S)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfoxy)hexyl]episelenoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5S)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfoxy)hexyl]episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5S)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-3-(sulfoxy)hexyl]iminonium]-D-arabinitol
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a structure analogue of salacinol, synthesis, overview
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[1-(3-methyl)-butyl]-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol chloride
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[1-(6-ethoxy)-hexyl]-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol chloride
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1,4-dideoxy-1,4-[[1-(9-methoxy)-nonyl]-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol chloride
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5-(1,4-dideoxy-1,4-episulfoniumylidene-D-arabinitol)-5-deoxy-D-ribonate inner salt
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5-(1,4-dideoxy-1,4-episulfoniumylidene-L-arabinitol)-5-deoxy-D-ribonate inner salt
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acarviosine
the inhibitor occupies the active-site pocket with the cyclohexitol moiety of acarviosine populating the -1 subsite
acarviostatin 103
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component isolated from Streptomyces sp. strain PW638, also inhibitory to alpha-amylase, EC 3.2.1.1
DTT
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slight inhibition of isozyme GA-II at 1 mM, no inhibition of isozyme GA-I
miglitol
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a salacinol derivative, inhibition of the isolated recombinant N-terminal catalytic domain
myricetin
potent inhibitor with high binding affinity for both N- and C-terminals of the enzyme. Molecular dynamics reveal that myricetin interacts in its stretched conformation through water-mediated interactions with the C-terminus and by normal hydrogen bonding with the N-terminus. Residue W1369 of the extended 21 amino acid residue helical loop of C-terminal plays a major role in myricetin binding
Periodate
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27% inhibition at 5 mM, 30% at 10 mM, 35% at 15 mM. 34% Glycosyl content of the enzyme is lost at 2.1 mM of periodate
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
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slight inhibition of isozyme GA-II at 1 mM, no inhibition of isozyme GA-I
tosylphenylalanylchloromethyl ketone
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10% inhibition at 1 mM, 20% at 10 mM
Triton-X100
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inhibits enzyme activity for 25% and 26% at concentrations of 1 mM and 2.5 mM, respectively, complete inhibition at 5 mM
4-chloromercuribenzoate
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slight inhibition of isozyme GA-II at 1 mM, no inhibition of isozyme GA-I
4-chloromercuribenzoate
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complete inhibition at 10 mM, 72% inhibition at 1 mM
acarbose
binding structure, overview. Found in the active sites of both independent monomers. In both monomers an acarbose molecule is fitted and refined, assuming full occupancy
acarbose
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a salacinol derivative, inhibition of the isolated recombinant N-terminal catalytic domain
acarbose
bound to the active site primarily through side-chain interactions with its acarvosine unit, almost no interactions with its glycone rings, binding structure, overview
acarbose
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inhibitory effect is 2 orders of magnitude higher for ntMGAM than for native MGAM
Ag+
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38% inhibition of isozyme GA-I, 14% inhibition of isozyme GA-II at 1 mM
beta-cyclodextrins
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above 5 mM, slight inhibition
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blintol
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a selenium analogue of salacinol, is very effective in controlling blood glucose levels in rats after a carbohydrate meal, thus providing a lead candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, synthesis, overview
Cr3+
62% inhibition at 1 mM, complete inhibition at 5 mM
Cu2+
22% inhibition at 1 mM, complete inhibition at 5 mM
Cu2+
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10 mM, 71% residual activity with substrate starch, 31% with substrate maltose
EDTA
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slight inhibition of isozyme GA-II at 1 mM, no inhibition of isozyme GA-I
Fe2+
27% inhibition at 1 mM, complete inhibition at 5 mM
Fe3+
62% inhibition at 1 mM, complete inhibition at 5 mM
Hg2+
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34% inhibition of isozyme GA-II, 49% inhibition of isozyme GA-I at 1 mM
kotalanol
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a salacinol derivative, inhibition of the isolated recombinant N-terminal catalytic domain
kotalanol
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natural inhibitor isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Salacia reticulata
kotalanol
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isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Salacia reticulata, contains an intriguing inner-salt sulfonium-sulfate structure, inhibition of glucosidases by salacinol and kotalanol is due to their ability to mimic both the shape and charge of the oxacarbenium-ion-like transition state involved in the enzymatic reactions
methyl alpha-D-glucoside
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competitive with maltose and non-competitive with starch
Mn2+
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activates 51% and 65% at 5 mM and 10 mM, respectively, inhibitory at above 15 mM
N-bromosuccinimide
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complete inhibition at 1 mM of isozyme GA-I and isozyme GA-II
salacinol
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a naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor isolated from roots and stems of a Sri Lankan plant, Salacia reticulata, the OH group on C-2 of salacinol is critical as a hydrogen-bond donor with functional groups in the active site of the enzyme
salacinol
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isolated from Salacia reticulata, a plant native to Sri Lanka and India that has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of diabetes, inhibition of the isolated recombinant N-terminal catalytic domain
salacinol
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natural inhibitor isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Salacia reticulata
salacinol
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isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Salacia reticulata, contains an intriguing inner-salt sulfonium-sulfate structure, inhibition of glucosidases by salacinol is due to their ability to mimic both the shape and charge of the oxacarbenium-ion-like transition state involved in the enzymatic reactions, the compound is capable of attenuating the spike in blood glucose levels
additional information
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remarkable insensitivity of the enzyme to end product inhibition
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additional information
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the deglycosylated enzyme is more sensitive to proteolytic degradation by subtilisin than the native enzyme
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additional information
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glucose, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D nearly completely suppresses enzyme expression, repression mechanism, overview
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additional information
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binding of a short heterobidentate inhibitor simultaneously directed toward the catalytic and starch binding domains causes dimerization of glucoamylase and not, an intramolecular conformational rearrangement mediated by linker flexibility
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additional information
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not inhibitory at 5 mM: Ag2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and Cd2+ and EDTA
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additional information
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tannins isolated from extracts of pomegranate, cranberry, grape, and cocoa inhibit the activity of glucoamylase and alpha-amylase in vitro. In general, larger and more complex tannins, such as those in pomegranate and cranberry, more effectively inhibit the enzymes than less polymerized cocoa tannins
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additional information
EDTA and Na2EDTA do not affect the enzyme activity
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additional information
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EDTA and Na2EDTA do not affect the enzyme activity
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additional information
enzyme activity is significantly inhibited when the substrate concentration exceeds approximately 10fold the Km value
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additional information
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the purified enzyme is sensitive to proteolytic degradation by alpha-chymotrypsin
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additional information
structure of the N-terminal catalytic subunit and basis of inhibition and substrate specificity
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additional information
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structure of the N-terminal catalytic subunit and basis of inhibition and substrate specificity
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additional information
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structure-activity relationship and stereochemistry of inhibitors, synthesis of chain-extended sulfonium and selenonium salts of 1,4-anhydro-4-thio- or 4-seleno-D-arabinitol, analogues of the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor salacinol, by nucleophilic attack at the least hindered carbon atom of 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,5-di-O-p-methoxybenzyl-D-mannitol-1,3-cyclic sulfate by 2,3,5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-1,4-anhydro-4-thio-or 4-seleno-D-arabinitol, giving the sulfonium and selenonium sulfates, respectively, and subsequent deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid, the extended polyhydroxylated aliphatic side chain is incorporated while maintaining the stereochemistry of C-2' and C-3' of salacinol or blintol, overview
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additional information
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ghavamiol, a nitrogen analogue of salacinol, is inactive as inhibitor
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additional information
kinetics and mechanism of inhibition of the recombinant glucoamylase subunit Ct-MGAM and sucrase subunit Ct-SI, overview
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additional information
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kinetics and mechanism of inhibition of the recombinant glucoamylase subunit Ct-MGAM and sucrase subunit Ct-SI, overview
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additional information
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no inhibition by neuraminidase inhibitor and EDTA at 1-10 mM
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additional information
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AmyC, but not AmyD, exhibits substrate inhibition, the Ki for substrate inhibition decreases with increasing length of the oligosaccharides. AmyC accumulates an enzyme maltose-maltotriose dead-end complex in the steady state, kinetics and modelling, overview
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