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E418A
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site-directed mutagenesis, inactive catalytic site mutant
D174A
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generated mutant, shows no activity toward pNP-S-GlcNAc
D175A
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generated mutant, D175A mutant shows significant activity toward pNP-S-GlcNAc
additional information
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construction of isoform TGG1 and TGG2 single and double mutants. Glucosinolate breakdown in leaves of single mutant plants is comparable to wild-type, whereas the double mutant exhibits no catalytic activity in vitro and dmage-induce breakdown of endogenous glucosinolates is apparently absent for aliphatic and greatly slowed down for indole glucosinolates. Mature leaves of mutants have increased glucosinolate levels, but developmental decreases in glucosinolate content during senescence and germination are unaffected. Insect herbivores vary in their respones to mutants. Weight gain of Trichoplusia ni and Manduca sexta is significantly increased upon feeding with mutant leaves, while reproduction of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassica is unaffected
additional information
construction of isozyme mutants, tgg1-3, tgg2-1, and tgg1-3/tgg2-1. Abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and H2O2 induce stomatal closure in wild type, tgg1-3 and tgg2-1, but fail to induce stomatal closure in tgg1-3 tgg2-1. All mutants and wild-type show Ca2+-induced stomatal closure and abscisic acid-induced reactive oxygen species production
additional information
construction of isozyme mutants, tgg1-3, tgg2-1, and tgg1-3/tgg2-1. Abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and H2O2 induce stomatal closure in wild type, tgg1-3 and tgg2-1, but fail to induce stomatal closure in tgg1-3 tgg2-1. All mutants and wild-type show Ca2+-induced stomatal closure and abscisic acid-induced reactive oxygen species production
additional information
generation of tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which show morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants show altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. No macroscopic growth/morphological differences are observed between the wild-type and tgg single and double mutants during during the four weeks of plant cultivation. In the tgg2 single mutant, the pavement cells appear bigger compared to wild-type, flattened and show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Stomata in the tgg2 single mutant are also relatively bigger than the wild-type, and the stomatal aperture is mostly fully open. The pavement cells in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant appear deformed, overlapping each other, collapse in some places, and hence show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Additionally, in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, smaller, tightly closed and sunken stomata are observed. Wild-type, tgg1, tgg2 single mutants, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutant differ significantly for guard cell length. However, for guard cell width, only wild-type and tgg1 single mutant show significant differences. In the wild-type, hardly any wax crystals are observed, while a relatively higher amount of wax crystals is observed on the leaf surfaces of the tgg mutants, in particular for the tgg2 single mutant, and the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. In both tgg single and double mutants the cuticle appear as disrupted with reduced electron density and appear to be discontinuous. The tgg mutations alter levels of glucosinolates. Among the nine glucosinolates detected, eight show reduced levels in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Glucoerucin is the only glucosinolate that shows higher levels in tgg1 tgg2 double mutant compared to the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants, while tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants show moderate to high levels for glucosinolates glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, glucoibarin, glucohirsutin, hexyl glucosinolate, and glucobrassicin as compared to the wild-type
additional information
generation of tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which show morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants show altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. No macroscopic growth/morphological differences are observed between the wild-type and tgg single and double mutants during during the four weeks of plant cultivation. In the tgg2 single mutant, the pavement cells appear bigger compared to wild-type, flattened and show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Stomata in the tgg2 single mutant are also relatively bigger than the wild-type, and the stomatal aperture is mostly fully open. The pavement cells in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant appear deformed, overlapping each other, collapse in some places, and hence show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Additionally, in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, smaller, tightly closed and sunken stomata are observed. Wild-type, tgg1, tgg2 single mutants, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutant differ significantly for guard cell length. However, for guard cell width, only wild-type and tgg1 single mutant show significant differences. In the wild-type, hardly any wax crystals are observed, while a relatively higher amount of wax crystals is observed on the leaf surfaces of the tgg mutants, in particular for the tgg2 single mutant, and the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. In both tgg single and double mutants the cuticle appear as disrupted with reduced electron density and appear to be discontinuous. The tgg mutations alter levels of glucosinolates. Among the nine glucosinolates detected, eight show reduced levels in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Glucoerucin is the only glucosinolate that shows higher levels in tgg1 tgg2 double mutant compared to the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants, while tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants show moderate to high levels for glucosinolates glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, glucoibarin, glucohirsutin, hexyl glucosinolate, and glucobrassicin as compared to the wild-type
additional information
generation of tgg1, single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which show morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants show altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. No macroscopic growth/morphological differences are observed between the wild-type and tgg single and double mutants during during the four weeks of plant cultivation. In the tgg1 single mutant, the pavement cells are bigger in size, but still showing a regular jigsaw puzzle shape as in the wild-type. The stomata in the tgg1 single mutant also appear bigger. The pavement cells in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant appear deformed, overlapping each other, collapse in some places, and hence show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Additionally, in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, smaller, tightly closed and sunken stomata are observed. Wild-type, tgg1, tgg2 single mutants, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutant differ significantly for guard cell length. However, for guard cell width, only wild-type and tgg1 single mutant show significant differences. In the wild-type, hardly any wax crystals are observed, while a relatively higher amount of wax crystals is observed on the leaf surfaces of the tgg mutants, in particular for the tgg2 single mutant, and the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. In both tgg single and double mutants the cuticle appear as disrupted with reduced electron density and appear to be discontinuous. The tgg mutations alter levels of glucosinolates. Among the nine glucosinolates detected, eight show reduced levels in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Glucoerucin is the only glucosinolate that shows higher levels in tgg1 tgg2 double mutant compared to the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants, while tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants show moderate to high levels for glucosinolates glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, glucoibarin, glucohirsutin, hexyl glucosinolate, and glucobrassicin as compared to the wild-type
additional information
generation of tgg1, single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which show morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants show altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. No macroscopic growth/morphological differences are observed between the wild-type and tgg single and double mutants during during the four weeks of plant cultivation. In the tgg1 single mutant, the pavement cells are bigger in size, but still showing a regular jigsaw puzzle shape as in the wild-type. The stomata in the tgg1 single mutant also appear bigger. The pavement cells in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant appear deformed, overlapping each other, collapse in some places, and hence show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Additionally, in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, smaller, tightly closed and sunken stomata are observed. Wild-type, tgg1, tgg2 single mutants, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutant differ significantly for guard cell length. However, for guard cell width, only wild-type and tgg1 single mutant show significant differences. In the wild-type, hardly any wax crystals are observed, while a relatively higher amount of wax crystals is observed on the leaf surfaces of the tgg mutants, in particular for the tgg2 single mutant, and the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. In both tgg single and double mutants the cuticle appear as disrupted with reduced electron density and appear to be discontinuous. The tgg mutations alter levels of glucosinolates. Among the nine glucosinolates detected, eight show reduced levels in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Glucoerucin is the only glucosinolate that shows higher levels in tgg1 tgg2 double mutant compared to the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants, while tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants show moderate to high levels for glucosinolates glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, glucoibarin, glucohirsutin, hexyl glucosinolate, and glucobrassicin as compared to the wild-type
additional information
mutant pen2-2, the mutant of atypical myrosinase PEN2 with highly reduced enzyme activity, shows fewer lesions compared with myrosinase double mutant tgg1 tgg2 and exhibits a symptoms similar to the wild-type in response to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), indicating that deficiency of TGG instead of PEN2 renders plants significantly more sensitive to FB1
additional information
mutant pen2-2, the mutant of atypical myrosinase PEN2 with highly reduced enzyme activity, shows fewer lesions compared with myrosinase double mutant tgg1 tgg2 and exhibits a symptoms similar to the wild-type in response to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), indicating that deficiency of TGG instead of PEN2 renders plants significantly more sensitive to FB1
additional information
the costructed tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, which has greatly reduced TGG activity, shows more severe lesion formation and cell death symptoms than Col-0. Mutant pen2-2, the mutant of atypical myrosinase PEN2 with highly reduced enzyme activity, shows fewer lesions compared with myrosinase double mutant tgg1 tgg2 and exhibits a symptoms similar to the wild-type in response to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), indicating that deficiency of TGG instead of PEN2 renders plants significantly more sensitive to FB1
additional information
the costructed tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, which has greatly reduced TGG activity, shows more severe lesion formation and cell death symptoms than Col-0. Mutant pen2-2, the mutant of atypical myrosinase PEN2 with highly reduced enzyme activity, shows fewer lesions compared with myrosinase double mutant tgg1 tgg2 and exhibits a symptoms similar to the wild-type in response to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), indicating that deficiency of TGG instead of PEN2 renders plants significantly more sensitive to FB1
additional information
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mutant pen2-2, the mutant of atypical myrosinase PEN2 with highly reduced enzyme activity, shows fewer lesions compared with myrosinase double mutant tgg1 tgg2 and exhibits a symptoms similar to the wild-type in response to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), indicating that deficiency of TGG instead of PEN2 renders plants significantly more sensitive to FB1
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additional information
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the costructed tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, which has greatly reduced TGG activity, shows more severe lesion formation and cell death symptoms than Col-0. Mutant pen2-2, the mutant of atypical myrosinase PEN2 with highly reduced enzyme activity, shows fewer lesions compared with myrosinase double mutant tgg1 tgg2 and exhibits a symptoms similar to the wild-type in response to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), indicating that deficiency of TGG instead of PEN2 renders plants significantly more sensitive to FB1
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additional information
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generation of tgg1, single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which show morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants show altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. No macroscopic growth/morphological differences are observed between the wild-type and tgg single and double mutants during during the four weeks of plant cultivation. In the tgg1 single mutant, the pavement cells are bigger in size, but still showing a regular jigsaw puzzle shape as in the wild-type. The stomata in the tgg1 single mutant also appear bigger. The pavement cells in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant appear deformed, overlapping each other, collapse in some places, and hence show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Additionally, in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, smaller, tightly closed and sunken stomata are observed. Wild-type, tgg1, tgg2 single mutants, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutant differ significantly for guard cell length. However, for guard cell width, only wild-type and tgg1 single mutant show significant differences. In the wild-type, hardly any wax crystals are observed, while a relatively higher amount of wax crystals is observed on the leaf surfaces of the tgg mutants, in particular for the tgg2 single mutant, and the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. In both tgg single and double mutants the cuticle appear as disrupted with reduced electron density and appear to be discontinuous. The tgg mutations alter levels of glucosinolates. Among the nine glucosinolates detected, eight show reduced levels in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Glucoerucin is the only glucosinolate that shows higher levels in tgg1 tgg2 double mutant compared to the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants, while tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants show moderate to high levels for glucosinolates glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, glucoibarin, glucohirsutin, hexyl glucosinolate, and glucobrassicin as compared to the wild-type
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additional information
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generation of tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which show morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants show altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. No macroscopic growth/morphological differences are observed between the wild-type and tgg single and double mutants during during the four weeks of plant cultivation. In the tgg2 single mutant, the pavement cells appear bigger compared to wild-type, flattened and show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Stomata in the tgg2 single mutant are also relatively bigger than the wild-type, and the stomatal aperture is mostly fully open. The pavement cells in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant appear deformed, overlapping each other, collapse in some places, and hence show an irregular jigsaw puzzle shape. Additionally, in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant, smaller, tightly closed and sunken stomata are observed. Wild-type, tgg1, tgg2 single mutants, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutant differ significantly for guard cell length. However, for guard cell width, only wild-type and tgg1 single mutant show significant differences. In the wild-type, hardly any wax crystals are observed, while a relatively higher amount of wax crystals is observed on the leaf surfaces of the tgg mutants, in particular for the tgg2 single mutant, and the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. In both tgg single and double mutants the cuticle appear as disrupted with reduced electron density and appear to be discontinuous. The tgg mutations alter levels of glucosinolates. Among the nine glucosinolates detected, eight show reduced levels in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Glucoerucin is the only glucosinolate that shows higher levels in tgg1 tgg2 double mutant compared to the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants, while tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants show moderate to high levels for glucosinolates glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, glucoibarin, glucohirsutin, hexyl glucosinolate, and glucobrassicin as compared to the wild-type
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additional information
genetic modification of Brassica napus plants to remove myrosinase-storing idioblasts to eliminate release of cell toxic reaction products and metabolites. Construction of transgenic plants ectopically expressing barnase, a ribonuclease, using a seed myrosin cell-specific Myr1.Bn1 promoter, which is lethal for the embryo. Co-expressing barnase under the control of the Myr1.Bn1 promoter with the barnase inhibitor, barstar, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enables a selective and controlled death of myrosin cells without affecting plant viability. Transgenic plants with myrosin defence cells show negligible production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products and altered epithiospecifier protein profile and glucosinolate levels, overview. Glucosinolate profiles of wild-type and mutant plants, overview
additional information
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genetic modification of Brassica napus plants to remove myrosinase-storing idioblasts to eliminate release of cell toxic reaction products and metabolites. Construction of transgenic plants ectopically expressing barnase, a ribonuclease, using a seed myrosin cell-specific Myr1.Bn1 promoter, which is lethal for the embryo. Co-expressing barnase under the control of the Myr1.Bn1 promoter with the barnase inhibitor, barstar, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enables a selective and controlled death of myrosin cells without affecting plant viability. Transgenic plants with myrosin defence cells show negligible production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products and altered epithiospecifier protein profile and glucosinolate levels, overview. Glucosinolate profiles of wild-type and mutant plants, overview