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3.2.1.1: alpha-amylase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about alpha-amylase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 3.2.1.1

Reaction

(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))n-alpha-D-glucopyranose
+
H2O
=
(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))n-m-alpha-D-glucopyranose
 +
(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))m-alpha-D-glucopyranose

Synonyms

1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase and endoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-glucanohydrolase, ABA, acid-stable amylase, acidic amylase, AGXA, AHA, alkaline alpha-amylase, alkalophilic Bacillus alpha-amylase, alpha amylase, alpha amylase 1, alpha-(1,4)-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, alpha-1,4 glucan-glucanohydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, alpha-1-4 D-glucan glucanohydrolase, alpha-amylase, alpha-amylase 1, alpha-amylase 2, alpha-amylase 3, alpha-amylase A4, alpha-amylase Aasp, alpha-amylase AI, alpha-amylase AOA, Alpha-amylase carcinoid, alpha-amylase CMA, alpha-amylase gt, alpha-amylase HA, alpha-amylase I, alpha-amylase II, alpha-amylase PA, alpha-amylase PPA, alpha-amylase type A isozyme, alpha-amylase type II, alpha-amylase ZSA, alpha-amylases 1, AMF-3, ami, Amy, Amy B, Amy c6, Amy I, Amy II, Amy-1E, amy-CS2, Amy-E, Amy-FC1, AMY1, AMY121, AMY2, Amy3, amy5, Amy7C, AmyA, AmyB, AmyC, AmyCR, AmyD, AmyD-1, AmyE, AmyH, AmyI-1, AmyI3C6, AmyK, AmyK38, AmyL, Amyl III, amylase AI, amylase AII, amylase I, Amylase THC 250, amylase, alpha-, Amylopsin, amylopullulanase, AmyN26, AmyP, AmyQ, AmyS, AmyUS100, AmyUS100DELTAIG, AmyZ2, AOA, AoA1, AoA2, ApkA, Apu, B4168_3135, Ba-amy, BAA, Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase, Bactosol TK, barley alpha-amylase 1, BBG7_0117, BGTG-1, BH072alpha-amylase, BHA, BiLA, BLA, Blamy-I, bllj_0710, BMA.2, BSA-2, Bsamy-I, BSTA, Buclamase, Ca2+-independent alpha-amylase gt, CcAmy, CCAP, Clarase, Clone 103, Clone 168, Clone PHV19, Clones GRAMY56 and 963, cold-active alpha-amylase, cold-adapted alpha-amylase, ComA, crustacean cardioactive peptide, diastase, endo-1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, endo-1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase, endo-1,4-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase, endoamylase, FORILASE NTL alpha-amylase, Fortizyme, Fungamyl 800 L, G 995, G6-amylase, GH13Amy-1, GH13Amy-2, glycogenase, Gt-amy, HaAmy1, HaAmy2, haloalkaline alpha-amylase, HAS, HdAmyI, High pI alpha-amylase, HPA, HSA, HSAmy, HSAmy-ar, htur2110, human salivary alpha-amylase, hyperthermophilic alpha-amylase, Isozyme 1B, Kleistase L 1, KRA, LAMY, liquozyme, LLF-alpha-amylase, Low pI alpha-amylase, MalA, maltogenic amylase, maltohexaose-producing alpha-amylase, maltotriose-producing alpha-amylase, MAmy, Maxamyl, Maxilase, Meiotic expression upregulated protein 30, MJA1, More, N8 alpha-amylase, neutral amylase, Pancreatic alpha-amylase, PFTA, Pivozin, PPA, PPA-I, PPA-II, psychrophilic alpha amylase, Ptyalin, raw-starch-digesting alpha-amylase, RB5AMG_01539, Rbamy5, RBLA, RBSA-1, ROAmy, Ruminococcus bromii intermediary alpha-amylase 5, Saci_1162, salt-tolerant alpha-amylase, ScAmy43, Sfamy, Spitase CP 1, SSO1172, SusG, TAA, TaAmy3, Taka-amylase A, Takatherm, TcAmy, TdAmyA, tergal gland protein-1, TfAmy48, Thermamyl, Thermolase, thermostable alpha-amylase, TO_amyl, Tp-AmyS, TVA II, VAAmy1, VAAmy2, VrAmy, ZSA

ECTree

     3 Hydrolases
         3.2 Glycosylases
             3.2.1 Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds
                3.2.1.1 alpha-amylase

Renatured

Renatured on EC 3.2.1.1 - alpha-amylase

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RENATURED/Commentary
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
acid-denatured enzyme is able to regain the intact structure by neutralization, irreversible denaturation after exposure to an alkaline pH , denaturation under high pressure, reduced enzyme in 8 M urea or 6 M guanidine hydrochloride is completely denatured to a randomly coiled state, Ca2+ has a profound effect on the renaturation process
-
denaturation under high pressure, enzyme denatured by 8 M urea can refold to regain its activity. Rate and extent of reactivation increases in the presence of various other proteins, bovine serum albumin is most effective
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heat denaturation is irreversible
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recombinant His6-tagged enzyme lacking the signal peptide from Escherichia coli strain BL21 Star (DE3) inclusion bodies using solubilization of the enzyme protein in denaturing buffer containing 20 mM Tris, pH 8.5, 8 M urea, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by a on-column refolding method
solubilization of recombinant enzyme from inclusion bodies after expression in Escherichia coli without the use of denaturing agents, extraction by resuspending in 50 mmol/l sodium acetate, pH 5.0, containing 20% v/v glycerol followed by stirring at 40°C for 3-4 h, and subsequent centrifugation
the enzyme can be unfolded completely by incubating for 4 h with 4 M guanidine HCl or for 12 h with 8 M urea in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 4.8, 13.6. mM Ca2+. 0.05 M HEPES buffer, pH 7.0 with 13.6 mM Ca2+ required incubation with 5 M guanidine HCl for 4 h to completely unfold the enzyme. The enzyme refolds on diluting 25 times with HEPES buffer containing 15 mM dithiothreitol, resulting in the recovery of ca. 85% of the activity. The refolded enzyme regains secondary and tertiary structure similar to the native enzyme. Refolding experiments with the acetate buffer do not yield active enzyme. alpha-Amlyase is more resistant to unfolding at pH 7.0 in comparison to unfolding at pH 4.8. The enzyme shows significant unfolding at 27°C, at urea concentrations below 9 M, pH 7.0
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