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3.2.1.1: alpha-amylase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about alpha-amylase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 3.2.1.1

Reaction

(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))n-alpha-D-glucopyranose
+
H2O
=
(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))n-m-alpha-D-glucopyranose
 +
(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))m-alpha-D-glucopyranose

Synonyms

1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase and endoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-glucanohydrolase, ABA, acid-stable amylase, acidic amylase, AGXA, AHA, alkaline alpha-amylase, alkalophilic Bacillus alpha-amylase, alpha amylase, alpha amylase 1, alpha-(1,4)-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, alpha-1,4 glucan-glucanohydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, alpha-1-4 D-glucan glucanohydrolase, alpha-amylase, alpha-amylase 1, alpha-amylase 2, alpha-amylase 3, alpha-amylase A4, alpha-amylase Aasp, alpha-amylase AI, alpha-amylase AOA, Alpha-amylase carcinoid, alpha-amylase CMA, alpha-amylase gt, alpha-amylase HA, alpha-amylase I, alpha-amylase II, alpha-amylase PA, alpha-amylase PPA, alpha-amylase type A isozyme, alpha-amylase type II, alpha-amylase ZSA, alpha-amylases 1, AMF-3, ami, Amy, Amy B, Amy c6, Amy I, Amy II, Amy-1E, amy-CS2, Amy-E, Amy-FC1, AMY1, AMY121, AMY2, Amy3, amy5, Amy7C, AmyA, AmyB, AmyC, AmyCR, AmyD, AmyD-1, AmyE, AmyH, AmyI-1, AmyI3C6, AmyK, AmyK38, AmyL, Amyl III, amylase AI, amylase AII, amylase I, Amylase THC 250, amylase, alpha-, Amylopsin, amylopullulanase, AmyN26, AmyP, AmyQ, AmyS, AmyUS100, AmyUS100DELTAIG, AmyZ2, AOA, AoA1, AoA2, ApkA, Apu, B4168_3135, Ba-amy, BAA, Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase, Bactosol TK, barley alpha-amylase 1, BBG7_0117, BGTG-1, BH072alpha-amylase, BHA, BiLA, BLA, Blamy-I, bllj_0710, BMA.2, BSA-2, Bsamy-I, BSTA, Buclamase, Ca2+-independent alpha-amylase gt, CcAmy, CCAP, Clarase, Clone 103, Clone 168, Clone PHV19, Clones GRAMY56 and 963, cold-active alpha-amylase, cold-adapted alpha-amylase, ComA, crustacean cardioactive peptide, diastase, endo-1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, endo-1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase, endo-1,4-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase, endoamylase, FORILASE NTL alpha-amylase, Fortizyme, Fungamyl 800 L, G 995, G6-amylase, GH13Amy-1, GH13Amy-2, glycogenase, Gt-amy, HaAmy1, HaAmy2, haloalkaline alpha-amylase, HAS, HdAmyI, High pI alpha-amylase, HPA, HSA, HSAmy, HSAmy-ar, htur2110, human salivary alpha-amylase, hyperthermophilic alpha-amylase, Isozyme 1B, Kleistase L 1, KRA, LAMY, liquozyme, LLF-alpha-amylase, Low pI alpha-amylase, MalA, maltogenic amylase, maltohexaose-producing alpha-amylase, maltotriose-producing alpha-amylase, MAmy, Maxamyl, Maxilase, Meiotic expression upregulated protein 30, MJA1, More, N8 alpha-amylase, neutral amylase, Pancreatic alpha-amylase, PFTA, Pivozin, PPA, PPA-I, PPA-II, psychrophilic alpha amylase, Ptyalin, raw-starch-digesting alpha-amylase, RB5AMG_01539, Rbamy5, RBLA, RBSA-1, ROAmy, Ruminococcus bromii intermediary alpha-amylase 5, Saci_1162, salt-tolerant alpha-amylase, ScAmy43, Sfamy, Spitase CP 1, SSO1172, SusG, TAA, TaAmy3, Taka-amylase A, Takatherm, TcAmy, TdAmyA, tergal gland protein-1, TfAmy48, Thermamyl, Thermolase, thermostable alpha-amylase, TO_amyl, Tp-AmyS, TVA II, VAAmy1, VAAmy2, VrAmy, ZSA

ECTree

     3 Hydrolases
         3.2 Glycosylases
             3.2.1 Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds
                3.2.1.1 alpha-amylase

Inhibitors

Inhibitors on EC 3.2.1.1 - alpha-amylase

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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
(NH4)2SO4
1,10-phenanthroline
1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-beta-D-glucose
-
mixed non-competitive inhibition, KEI: 0.0026 mM, KEIS: 0.0039 mM, tested in a concentration range of 0.04 to 0.5 mM, reduced inhibitory efficiency of the mutants W58L and Y151M with 92 and 97% remaining enzyme activity at 0.00235 mM inhibitor concentration, respectively, pH 6.0, 37°C
1-cyclohexyl-3-(morpholinyl-4-ethyl)-carbodiimide
-
40 mM, 50% inhibition after 20 min, 100 mM, 44% inhibition after 10 min in the presence of 1% starch
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
2,4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene
-
6 mM
2,4-dinitrophenol
-
-
2-amino-7-hydroxyphenoxazine-3-one
-
-
2-amino-7-methoxyphenoxazine-3-one
-
-
2-amino-phenoxazine-3-one
-
-
2-deoxyglucose
-
-
2-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
2-mercaptoethanol
3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone
-
identified in the Sysygium cumini seed extract which results in 98% inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
CHAPS, 39.2% inhibition at 1% v/v
4-bromophenacyl bromide
4-chloromercuribenzoate
-
98% inhibition of isozyme alpha-amylase I at 0.5 mM
4-chloromercuribenzoic acid
-
52% inhibition at 4 mM
4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
5,5'-dithiobis-[2-nitrobenzoic acid]
-
10 mM, 35% inhibition
6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one
-
-
7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
-
-
acacetin
-
a flavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 14.1% maximum inhibition
Acalpha indica leaf extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 15% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
acarbose
acarviosine-glucose
binding mechanism, resistance to rearrangement, enzyme-inhibitor complex crystal structure analysis
acarviostatin 103
-
component isolated from Streptomyces sp. strain PW638, also inhibitory to alpha-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.3
acarviostatin I03
-
pH 6.5, 37°C, mixed noncompetitive inhibition, substrate: soluble amlyose
acarviostatin II03
-
pH 6.5, 37°C, mixed noncompetitive inhibition, substrate: soluble amlyose
acarviostatin III03
-
pH 6.5, 37°C, mixed noncompetitive inhibition, substrate: soluble amlyose
acarviostatin IV03
-
pH 6.5, 37°C, mixed noncompetitive inhibition, substrate: soluble amlyose
acetone
Aegle marmelos leaf extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 6% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
AgNO3
AlCl3
-
5 mM, complete inhibition
alpha-acarviosinyl-1,4-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-glucopyranosylidene-spiro-thiohydantoin
-
i.e. PTS-G-TH, mixed-competitive type inhibition
alpha-AI-Pc1
-
alpha-amylase inhibitors from Phaseolus coccineus
-
alpha-AI1
-
alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 from cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris
-
alpha-AI2
-
alpha-amylase inhibitor 2 from wild Phaseolus vulgaris
-
alpha-amylase inhibitors from Dipteryx alata seeds
-
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-D-methylglucopyranose
-
-
alpha-D-phenylglucoside
-
-
alphaAI-PF
-
alpha amylase inhibitor from Palo Fierro seeds
-
ammonium persulfate
54% inhibition at 5 mM
ammonium sulfate
non-competitive inhibitor at concentrations higher than 20 mM
amylase wheat inhibitor
-
-
-
amylase-inhibitor
-
14 kinds of alpha-amylase inhibitors from Streptomyces sp. No. 280
-
apigenin-7-glucoside
-
IC50 is 0.17 mM
arabitol
-
competitive
ascorbate
-
28.4% inhibition at 5 mM, 34.9% at 10 mM
ATP
-
90% inhibition at 5 mM, reversible by addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+
BaCl2
Benzene
-
10%, 40% inhibition
benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one
-
-
beta-cyclodextrin
betulinic acid
-
identified in the Sysygium cumini seed extract which results in 98% inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
Bi2+
-
0.5 mM BiOCl2, 16% inhibition
Bio-tex
liquid commercial detergent, 75% residual activity
-
butanol
CaCl2
caffeic acid
catechin
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 13.1% maximum inhibition
CdCl2
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
-
CTAB
CH2ICOOH
-
10 mM, complete inhibition
chlorogenic acid
Citric acid
-
25 mM, 54% inhibition
CoCl2
corosolic acid
-
triterpene acid isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves, weak inhibitory activity
Cs+
-
5 mM, 32% loss of activity
Cs2+
-
1 mM, 37°C, 30 min, pH 6.5, 89% relative activity
CTAB
-
27% inhibition
CuCl2
CuSO4
Cyclohexane
-
inhibitory effect of cyclooctane on amylase stability is stronger than that of cyclohexane
cyclomaltoheptaose
-
-
cyclomaltohexaose
-
-
cyclooctane
-
inhibitory effect of cyclooctane on amylase stability is stronger than that of cyclohexane
cynarin
-
IC50 is above 2.0 mM
D-gluconic acid lactone
-
-
D-glucosamine
-
-
daidzein
-
a isoflavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 23.3% maximum inhibition
Dextran
dihydrocaffeic acid
-
IC50 is above 14.0 mM
diisopropyl fluorophosphate
-
1 mM, 34% inhibition of the membrane-bound enzyme
Dimethyl formamide
-
38.2% inhibition at 1 mM, 72.0% at 5 mM
diosmetin
-
a flavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 19.2% maximum inhibition
dithiothreitol
dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide
epicatechin
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 10.3% maximum inhibition
erythritol
-
competitive
ethanol
ethyl caffeate
-
pH 7.0
ethylene glycol
-
-
eupafolin
-
a flavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 99.4% maximum inhibition
FeCl2
FeCl3
Halalkalibacterium halodurans
-
1 mM, 40°C, 30 min, 21% loss of activity, alpha-amylase I
ferulic acid
-
IC50 is above 5.0 mM
FeSO4
fisetin
fucoidan
-
fucoidan derived from algal species Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. Fucoidan extracted from Fucus vesiculosus does not inhibit alpha-amylase activity, while fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum decreases alpha-amylase activity by 7100% at 5 mg/ml. Both fucoidans are inhibitory to alpha-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.20
gamma-cyclodextrin
genistein
-
a isoflavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 25.1% maximum inhibition
genkwanin
-
a flavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 17.5% maximum inhibition
glucopyranosylidene-spiro-thiohydantoin
-
i.e. G-TH, mixed-competitive type inhibition
glucose
-
1 M, 34% inhibition. No inhibition up to 0.25 M
glucosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin
0.2%, 19% inhibition
Glutardialdehyde
-
0.4%, 57% loss of activity
glycerol
glycine
Green Balance
solid commercial detergent, when used with tap water, 51% residual activity
-
guanidine hydrochloride
-
0.05 to 0.6 mM, as the concentraion is increased, the loss of of the whole conformational structure occurs and the relative activity decreases from 80% at 0.05 mM to 29% at 0.6 mM compared to the control, pH 8.0, 100°C
guanidinium hydrochloride
slight inhibition at 5-10 mM
Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 3% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
hesperetin
-
a flavanone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 39.8% maximum inhibition
Hg+
5 mM, complete inhibition
HgCl2
inhibitor from Amaranthus hybrid
-
no effect on alpha-amlyase at pH 6.0, but high inhibitory effect with maximal 80% at pH 9.0, 50°C
-
inhibitor from Phaseolus coccineus 35619
-
no effect at pH 9.0, inhibits the enzyme activity up to 78% at pH 6.0, 50°C
-
inhibitor from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Radical
-
no effect at pH 9.0, inhibits the enzyme activity up to 87% at pH 6.0, 50°C
-
iodoacetamide
-
slight inhibition
iodoacetate
iodoacetic acid
isoacarbose
binding mechanism, resistance to rearrangement, enzyme-inhibitor complex crystal structure analysis, binding highly perturbs catalytic residue D300
Isoamylalcohol
-
70% inhibition at 10%, 90% at 20%
isochlorogenic acid
-
IC50 is 0.56 mM
isorhamnetin
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 35.4% maximum inhibition
kaempferol
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 34.5% maximum inhibition
KCN
-
25 mM, 70% inhibition
KI
-
0.05 to 0.6 mM, with 88% relative enzyme activity at 0.05 M decreasing to 42% at 0.6 mM compared to the control, also loss of fluorescence intensity, pH 8.0, 100°C
KSCN
-
500 mM, the reaction rate of acid-stable amylase decreases
L-Cys
-
25 mM, 26% inhibition
lauryl sulfobetaine
Limonia acidissimia seed extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 20% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
mutant M197A, concentration of 10% incubation at 60°C for 1 h, 71% residual relative activity, assay at 80°C and pH 5.6
luteolin
luteolin-7-glucoside
-
IC50 is 0.28 mM
maltopentaose
-
30 mM, 51% inhibition
maltose
maltotetraose
-
30 mM, 51% inhibition
maltotriose
-
30 mM, 42% inhibition
mannitol
-
competitive
methanol
MgSO4
2 mM, pH 6.5, 50°C, 75% relative activity
MnCl2
montbretin A
-
glycosylated acyl-flavonols, originally isolated from an extract of Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, measured in the presence and in the absence of 5 mM dithiothreitol, competitive inhibitor, more effective than montbretin B and C due to its free meta-hydroxyl group of the cinnamic acid moiety
montbretin B
-
glycosylated acyl-flavonols, originally isolated from an extract of Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, less effective than montbretin A due to the hydroxy group of montbretin A in the cinnamic acid moiety, respnsible for the tight binding
montbretin C
-
glycosylated acyl-flavonols, a methyl ether of the cinnamic acid moiety, originally isolated from an extract of Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, less effective than montbretin A due to the hydroxy group of montbretin A in the cinnamic acid moiety, respnsible for the tight binding
Moringa oleifera leaf extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 16% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
myricetin
N-Acetylimidazole
-
6 mM
N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone
-
1 mM, 22% loss of the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme
N-bromosuccinimide
N-ethylmaleimide
n-hexane
Cardamine battagliae
-
-
Na2-EDTA
-
0.01 M, 1% loss of activity after 1 h, in presence of 0.01 M CaCl2, complete inactivation after 1 h
naringenin
-
a flavanone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 26.9% maximum inhibition
NiCl2
-
30 mM, 39% inhibition
NiSO4
Halalkalibacterium halodurans
-
1 mM, 40°C, 30 min, 79% loss of activity, alpha-amylase I
O-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino}-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucose
-
trivial name acarbose, uncompetitive inhibition vs. amylose and maltodextrin, mixed noncompetitive inhibition vs. maltoheptaose
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
0.05 mM, 52% inhibition of intestine alpha-amylase, 68% inhibition of muscle alpha-amylase
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
p-hydroxymercurybenzoate
activity severely inhibited, indicates the role of sulfydryl group in catalysis
PbCl2
Halalkalibacterium halodurans
-
1 mM, 40°C, 30 min, 35% loss of activity, alpha-amylase I
PEG 8000
-
15-20% inhibition at 1-2%
-
phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride
-
1 mM, 70% inhibition
phenylmercuric acetate
-
-
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
-
60% inhibition at 4 mM
polyethylene glycol 400
-
1500 Da PEG, inhibits the enzyme activity by 14% at 0.02% w/v
-
Propanol
-
30% inhibition at 10%, 50% at 20%
protein EDI-1
-
the alpha-amylase inhibitory fraction from Triticum dicoccon Schrank composed of emmer dimeric inhibitor 1 (EDI-1) and emmer dimeric inhibitor 2 (EDI-2) sharing very high identity levels with related proteins from Triticum aestivum
-
protein EDI-2
-
the alpha-amylase inhibitory fraction from Triticum dicoccon Schrank composed of emmer dimeric inhibitor 1 (EDI-1) and emmer dimeric inhibitor 2 (EDI-2) sharing very high identity levels with related proteins from Triticum aestivum
-
protein VrD1
-
an insecticidal plant defensin
-
proteinaceous inhibitor from wheat WI-1
inhibitor of isozyme Amy2 but not Amy1
-
proteinaceous inhibitor from wheat WI-3
-
-
Psidium guajava var. Pomiferum leaf extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 98% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
quercetagetin
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 97.6% maximum inhibition
quercetin
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 82.1% maximum inhibition
quinic acid
Rhamnetin
-
a flavonol, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 8.1% maximum inhibition
rice bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor
-
purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the inhibitor
-
rosmarinic acid
-
IC50 is 1.4 mM
scutellarein
-
a flavone, 0.888 mM, pH 6.0, room temperature, 98.4% maximum inhibition
Secale cereale inhibitor
-
Sinapic acid
-
IC50 is above 6.7 mM
Sn2+
-
1 mM, complete inhibition
Sodium citrate
-
23.1% inhibition at 5 mM
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
sodium dodecylsulfate
sorbitol
-
competitive
Sorghum procyanidin tetramer
P04745
thermodynamics, and binding and inhibition kinetics, overview
-
starch
-
concentrations above 32 g/l
Sysygium cumini seed extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids are identified, mass spectrometry revlealed the presence of betulinic acid and 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone, 98% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
Tannic acid
-
IC50 is 0.14 mM
Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 13% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 10% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
Tris
starch-hydrolyzing activity in presence of Tris of different concentrations, pH 7.4, 37°C
Triton X-100
Tween 20
Tween 80
Tween-20
Tween-80
Vigna unguiculata defensin
-
wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor 0.19
-
inhibitor 0.19 isolated from wheat kernels, inhibits both isozymes AoA1 and AoA2 in vitro and in vivo, stoichiometry of inhibition of isozymes, biological activity of inhibitor 0.19, overview
-
wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor 0.35
-
inhibitor 0.35 isolated from wheat kernels, inhibits both isozymes AoA1 and AoA2 in vitro and in vivo, stoichiometry of inhibition of isozymes, biological activity of inhibitor 0.53, overview
-
wheat amylase inhibitor
-
wheat seed amylase inhibitor
-
xylitol
-
competitive
Zizyphus mauritiana seed extract
-
herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurvedic system of medicine, 12% relative inhibition compared to control without the addition of medicinal plant extract, non-competitive inhibition determined by a Dixon plot, pH 6.9
-
ZnCl2
ZnSO4
additional information
-