1.2.1.8: betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.2.1.8
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1.2.1.8
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badhs
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aroma
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fragrant
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
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osmoprotectant
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molecular biology
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basmati
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non-fragrant
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scent
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4-aminobutyraldehyde
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medicine
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3-aminopropionaldehyde
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non-aromatic
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aminoaldehyde
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jasmine
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agriculture
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biotechnology
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energy production
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food industry
- 1.2.1.8
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badhs
- aroma
-
fragrant
-
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
-
osmoprotectant
- molecular biology
-
basmati
-
non-fragrant
-
scent
- 4-aminobutyraldehyde
- medicine
- 3-aminopropionaldehyde
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non-aromatic
- aminoaldehyde
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jasmine
- agriculture
- biotechnology
- energy production
- food industry
Reaction
Synonyms
AcBADH, ALD10, aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH10, ALDH10A8, ALDH10A9, AMADH, AMADH1, aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase, BADH, BADH1, BADH2, badh2-E2, badh2-E7, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, chloroplastic, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, chloroplastic, betaine aldehyde oxidase, betaine aldehyde: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, betaine aldehyde: NAD+ oxidoreductase, betaine aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, betaine aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, BetB, dehydrogenase, betaine aldehyde, JcBD1, LcBADH, More, OsALDH10-1, OsALDH10-2, OsBADH1, OsBADH2, PaBADH, PaBADH2, pkBADH, PND BADH2, SACOL2628, YdcW, ZBD1, Zoysia betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
ECTree
1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenaseAdvanced search results
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results (General Information
General Information on EC 1.2.1.8 - betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
evolution
all BADHs known have cysteine in the active site involved in the aldehyde binding, whereas the porcine kidney enzyme (pkBADH) also has a neighborhood cysteine, both sensitive to oxidation
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
malfunction
Q53CF4
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes
malfunction
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some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. But the BADH transcripts from plant species such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), correctly process the mRNA
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. But the BADH transcripts from plant species such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), correctly process the mRNA
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. But the BADH transcripts from plant species such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), correctly process the mRNA
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. Even though 2AP formation in Bassia latifolia occurs only in flowers (fleshy corolla), in fragrant rice and plants such as Pandanus amaryllifolius and Vallaris glabra, it exists in all aerial parts
malfunction
some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. Even though 2AP formation in Bassia latifolia occurs only in flowers (fleshy corolla), in fragrant rice and plants such as Pandanus amaryllifolius and Vallaris glabra, it exists in all aerial parts
malfunction
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some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. Even though 2AP formation in Bassia latifolia occurs only in flowers (fleshy corolla), in fragrant rice and plants such as Pandanus amaryllifolius and Vallaris glabra, it exists in all aerial parts
malfunction
Vallaris sp.
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some truncated transcripts of BADH are present in several crops. Such truncated transcripts may cause the accumulation of 2AP (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), which is a key aroma compound. There is a possibility that inhibition of BADH function produces 2AP-based fragrance in main crops because of the existence of BADH isozymes. Even though 2AP formation in Bassia latifolia occurs only in flowers (fleshy corolla), in fragrant rice and plants such as Pandanus amaryllifolius and Vallaris glabra, it exists in all aerial parts
metabolism
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betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 is a key enzyme in the synthesis of fragrance aroma compounds. The extremely low activity of the enzyme in catalyzing the oxidation of acetaldehyde is crucial for the accumulation of the volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in fragrant rice
metabolism
in higher plants, glycine betaine (GB) is synthesized by two-step oxidation of choline. The first step is catalyzed by ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase (CMO, EC 1.14.15.7) to produce betaine aldehyde (BAL). BAL is converted to GB by aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH, EC 1.2.1.19) containing the activities of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH)
metabolism
NO's involvement in the biosynthetic pathway of GB production in plants takes place prior to the involvement of BADH in converting the toxic intermediate betaine aldehyde to GB. The extent of the impact of NO on GB content and BADH activity also varies with light exposure, but the pattern observed is similar to that observed in dark-grown seedlings
physiological function
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BADH1 is possibly involved in acetaldehyde oxidation in rice plant peroxisomes
physiological function
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betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene BADH2 is associated with the fragrant phenotype in rice
physiological function
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the badh2 gene alone is not sufficient enough to explain the genetic and molecular basis of fragrance in rice
physiological function
ALDH10A8 serves as detoxification enzyme controlling the level of aminoaldehydes, which are produced in cellular metabolism under stress conditions
physiological function
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expression of the BADH gene in sweet potato increases enzyme activity and glycine betaine in these transgenic sweet potato plants, which subsequently improves their tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses including salt, oxidative stress, and low temperature by induction or activation reactive oxygen species scavenging and the accumulation of proline
physiological function
LDH10A9 serves as detoxification enzymes controlling the level of aminoaldehydes, which are produced in cellular metabolism under stress conditions
physiological function
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overexpression of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in transgenic trifoliate orange enhances salt stress tolerance and leads to accumulation of higher levels of glycine betaine
physiological function
the enzyme plays a role in salt (400 mM NaCl) and other osmotic stresses tolerance
physiological function
expression of the gene significantly enhances tolerance of Arabidopsis mutants to high salt and drought stresses
physiological function
the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene substantially affects the phagocytic pathway in human phagocytes and in host cells in mice. The enzyme is involved in the bacterial adherent ability to phagocytes and is responsible for the bacterial persistence and virulence in mice
physiological function
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the enzyme is a positive regulator during the response to NaCl
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in the cellular response of crustaceans to variations in environmental salinity
physiological function
the enzyme plays a crucial role in adaption of Ammopiptanthus nanus to heat (55°C) and salt (700 mM NaCl) stresses
physiological function
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the enzyme plays a role in temperature stress tolerance
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is a key enzyme in glycine betaine (GB) synthesis, and the activity of the enzyme is significantly increased when plants are under abiotic stress, thus greatly increasing the accumulation of glycine betaine
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
-
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an important gene for enhancing plants stress tolerance and productivity, overview. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gylcine betaine (GB), and its introduction leads to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species
physiological function
-
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
Q53CF4
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
-
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
-
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
Vallaris sp.
-
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) leads to production of glycine betaine through the oxidation of betaine aldehyde. BADH is considered a key regulator for glycine betaine formation. Critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses. The BADH gene plays a multifunctional role in plants, detailed overview. It is an important factor in fragrance production, abiotic stresses and antibiotic-free selection of transgenic plants. By providing glycine betaine as a chemical interface, there is a critical role of BADH in enhancing the tolerance in an extensive range of plants subjected to different destructive abiotic stresses, e.g. drought stress, soil salinity stress, submergence stress, and temperature stress
physiological function
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) plays a key role in the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), a fragrant compound in rice (Oryza sativa). BADH2 catalyses the oxidation of aminoaldehydes to carboxylic acids. But the inactive BADH2 is known to promote fragrance in rice
physiological function
isozyme LrAMADH1 shows low betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, but is proved as bona fide BADH, which involves in glycine betaine (GB) synthesis in planta and responds to salt stress in Lycium ruthenicum plants
physiological function
nitric oxide and light co-regulate glycine betaine (GB) homeostasis in sunflower seedling cotyledons by modulating betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase transcript levels and activity. A reasonable amount of GB is being constitutively synthesized in sunflower seedling cotyledons. Sensing of NaCl stress, however, enhances the GB concentration by several folds. Analysis of GB accumulation at three different growth stages of seedling cotyledons (2, 4, and 6 days old) shows that accumulation is age dependent. NaCl stress and availability of NO regulate BADH activity and, therefore, accumulation of GB
physiological function
Pandanus amaryllifolius accumulates the highest concentration of the major basmati aroma volatile 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in the plant kingdom. The expression of 2AP is correlated with the presence of a nonfunctional betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) in aromatic rice and other plant species. 2AP biosynthesis in Pandanus amaryllifolius is not due to the inactivation of BADH2
physiological function
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porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (pkBADH) binds NAD+ with different affinities at each active site and the binding is K+ dependent
physiological function
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the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene substantially affects the phagocytic pathway in human phagocytes and in host cells in mice. The enzyme is involved in the bacterial adherent ability to phagocytes and is responsible for the bacterial persistence and virulence in mice
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additional information
for Ile445 containing AMADHs, the existence of Asn290 rather than Thr290 leads to detectable BADH activity
additional information
pkBADH/NAD+ interaction analysis by circular dichroism (CD) and by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) by titrating the enzyme with NAD+. Binding of NAD+ to the enzyme causes changes in its secondary structure, the presence of K+ helps maintain its alpha-helix content. BADH enzyme structure homology modeing using the human ALDH9A1 structure (HsALDH9A1, PDB ID 6QAK) as template. The conserved catalytic residues C288, G285, N157, and E254 and the decapeptide VTLELGGKSP are identified
additional information
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pkBADH/NAD+ interaction analysis by circular dichroism (CD) and by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) by titrating the enzyme with NAD+. Binding of NAD+ to the enzyme causes changes in its secondary structure, the presence of K+ helps maintain its alpha-helix content. BADH enzyme structure homology modeing using the human ALDH9A1 structure (HsALDH9A1, PDB ID 6QAK) as template. The conserved catalytic residues C288, G285, N157, and E254 and the decapeptide VTLELGGKSP are identified
additional information
the 3D dimeric structure of BADH2 is modeled using homology modeling. Each monomer comprises of 3 domains (substrate-binding, NAD+-binding, and oligomerization domains). The NAD+-binding domain is the most mobile. A scissor-like motion is observed between the monomers. Inside the binding pocket, N162 and E260 are tethered by strong hydrogen bonds to residues in close proximity. In contrast, the catalytic C294 is very mobile and interacts occasionally with N162. The flexibility of the nucleophilic C294 can facilitate the attack of free carbonyl on an aldehyde substrate. Mainly, N162, E260, C294 are found to play a role in catalytic activity. C294 and E260 are involved in a key step of hemithioacetal-enzyme formation, while N162 helps stabilize an intermediate. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of substrate-bound enzyme. Both N162 and C294 form different degrees of hydrogen bonds. C294 seems to weakly hydrogen bond with adjacent amino acids (below 1% of hydrogen bonds with N162), whereas N162 forms a strong hydrogen bond with Q292 (over90%). Apparently, C294 seems to be flexible, whilst N162 is tethered by Q292 inside a pocket. The catalytic C294 is located in the middle of a cavity. The high flexibility of C294 which supports the role of the nucleophile C294's ability to attack a free carbonyl group of a bound substrate. On the contrary, N162 and E260 appear to be rigid due to strong interactions with their neighbours. Such interactions tethering N162 and E260 may help to shape a suitable environment for a catalytic activity
additional information
three-dimensional docking analysis of PaBADH2 with betaine aldehyde
additional information
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three-dimensional docking analysis of PaBADH2 with betaine aldehyde
