1.14.16.2: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.14.16.2
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1.14.16.2
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dopamine
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dopaminergic
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parkinsonism
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nigra
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striatum
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catecholamine
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substantia
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nerve
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ventral
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fiber
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sympathetic
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innervation
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adrenal
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noradrenergic
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neurotransmitter
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6-hydroxydopamine
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ganglia
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th-positive
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catecholaminergic
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neuropeptide
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norepinephrine
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nigrostriatal
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midbrain
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monoamine
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neurotrophic
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compacta
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coeruleus
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hypothalamus
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tegmental
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mesencephalic
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1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
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l-dopa
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6-ohda
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neurochemical
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accumbens
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noradrenaline
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rostrally
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dopac
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apomorphine
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perikarya
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intrastriatal
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beta-hydroxylase
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mptp-induced
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varicosity
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ventrolateral
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dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
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preoptic
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npy
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phenylethanolamine
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analysis
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diagnostics
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homovanillic
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synthesis
- 1.14.16.2
- dopamine
-
dopaminergic
- parkinsonism
- nigra
- striatum
- catecholamine
-
substantia
- nerve
-
ventral
- fiber
-
sympathetic
-
innervation
- adrenal
-
noradrenergic
-
neurotransmitter
- 6-hydroxydopamine
- ganglia
-
th-positive
-
catecholaminergic
-
neuropeptide
- norepinephrine
-
nigrostriatal
- midbrain
-
monoamine
-
neurotrophic
- compacta
- coeruleus
- hypothalamus
- tegmental
-
mesencephalic
- 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- l-dopa
-
6-ohda
-
neurochemical
- accumbens
- noradrenaline
-
rostrally
-
dopac
- apomorphine
- perikarya
-
intrastriatal
- beta-hydroxylase
-
mptp-induced
-
varicosity
-
ventrolateral
- dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
-
preoptic
- npy
- phenylethanolamine
- analysis
- diagnostics
-
homovanillic
- synthesis
Reaction
Synonyms
CAT-2, DTH1, DTH2, hTH2, L-tyrosine hydroxylase, monophenol monooxygenase, oxygenase, tyrosine 3-mono-, TH, TH1, TH2, TyrH, tyrosinase, tyrosine 3-hydroxylase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, tyrosine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase type 1, tyrosine-3-mono-oxygenase, tyrosine-3-monooxygenase
ECTree
1.14.16.2 tyrosine 3-monooxygenaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Activating Compound
Activating Compound on EC 1.14.16.2 - tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
IMAGE
14-3-3gamma protein
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homodimeric 14-3-3gamma protein is the strongest activator
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7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
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tyrosine hydroxylase activity increases in the rat heart treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
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i.e. 8-CPTcAMP, tyrosine hydroxylase protein level and activity rate are increased in MN9D cells in response to treatment with 8-CPTcAMP, mechanism, overview
Dextran sulfate
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activates the enzyme in the crude extract, less effective with the purified enzyme
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endothelin-1
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effects of long-term modulation at different concentrations, overview
endothelin-2
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effects of long-term modulation at different concentrations, overview
GTP cyclohydrolase I
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as concentrations of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin are increased (0.025 and 0.1 mM), the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase is stimulated in the presence of GTP cyclohydrolase I isoform C
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L-Dopa
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L-DOPA treatment (20-200 microM) increases the levels of dopamine by 226%-504% after 3-6 h of treatment and enhances the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
nitric oxide
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S-nitrosylation by nitric oxide at Cys279 enhances the enzymatic activity by about 25%
retinol
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retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo via two sequential non-genomic mechanisms: 1. retinol induces an influx in extracellular calcium, activation of protein kinase C and Ser40 phosphorylation, leading to tyrosine hydroxylase activation within 15 min, 2. the retinol-induced rise in intracellular calcium leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Ser31 phosphorylation and the maintenance of tyrosine hydroxylase activation for up to 2 h
RNA
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below 0.015 mg/ml activation, rat brain enzyme contains RNA, about 10% of the total mass
thyroxine
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stimulatory effect is due to increased affinity of the enzyme for its cofactor 6,7-dimethyl-2-amino-4-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine
20-hydroxyecdysone
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20-hydroxyecdysone feeding (0.06 mg) leads to a substantial rise in tyrosine hydroxylase activity
20-hydroxyecdysone
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20-hydroxyecdysone feeding (0.06 mg) leads to a substantial rise in tyrosine hydroxylase activity
estradiol-17beta
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biphasic effects on in vivo and in vitro enzyme activity and kinetics. Low concentrations (1 nM) stimulate, and high concentrations (1 mM) inhibit
forskolin
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forskolin selectively increases the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 by 1.8fold without increasing total tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels
forskolin
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i.e. 8-CPTcAMP, tyrosine hydroxylase protein level and activity rate are increased in MN9D cells in response to treatment with 8-CPTcAMP, mechanism, overview
heparin
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activates the enzyme in the crude extract, less effective with the purified enzyme
Hsc70
Hsc70 physically and functionally interacts with TH to regulate the enzyme activity and synaptic vesicle targeting
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Hsc70
Hsc70 physically and functionally interacts with TH to regulate the enzyme activity and synaptic vesicle targeting
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juvenile hormone-III
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0.0001 or 0.0002 mg juvenile hormone-III application leads to a substantial rise in tyrosine hydroxylase activity
juvenile hormone-III
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0.0001 or 0.0002 mg juvenile hormone-III application leads to a substantial rise in tyrosine hydroxylase activity
additional information
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inhibitory effect of several compounds on L-dopa-oxidase activity
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additional information
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ethanol induces the enzyme activation of the cAMP/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway, the activation is reversible by ibogaine via glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, GNDF. Ethanol treatment results in an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase association with the chaperone heat shock protein that is mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway and inhibited by GDNF, overview
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additional information
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phosphorylation at Ser40 activates the enzyme, the phosphorylation is inhibited by alpha-synuclein, up to 183% induced by amphetamines, the phosphorylation inhibition is inhibited by melatonin, mechanisms, overview
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additional information
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10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta induces the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 1.4fold, 0.0001 mM forskolin induces a 1.5fold increase on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation
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additional information
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50 ng/ml epidermal growth factor significantly increases the phosphorylation of Ser31 in isoform TH1, while no phosphorylation of Ser35 in isoform TH2 is detected, stimulation with epidermal growth factor does not result in any changes in the phosphorylation of Ser40/44 or Ser19 or TH protein levels
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additional information
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muscarine significantly increases the phosphorylation of Ser40/44 and induces a substantial increase in the phosphorylation of Ser19 in both isoform TH1 and TH2 cells
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additional information
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stimulation with 0.01 mM forskolin significantly increases the phosphorylation of Ser40/44 in both isoform TH1 and TH2 cells. There is no significant difference in the level of forskolin-induced phosphorylation of Ser40/44 between isoform TH1 and TH2 cells. Ser31 phosphorylation levels are unchanged in isoform TH1, and phosphorylation of Ser35 is not detectable in isoform TH2 in either the control or stimulated cells, forskolin does not change Ser19 phosphorylation or total tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels in either cell type
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additional information
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amphetamines upregulate the enzymein the central nervous system and the olfactory tubercle, overview
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additional information
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cyclin-dependent kinase 5 phosphorylates tyrosine hydroxylase, but does not induce the enzyme expression
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additional information
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phosphorylation at Ser40 activates the enzyme, inhibition of alpha-synuclein, inhibiting enzyme phosphorylation, increases the enzyme activity
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additional information
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phosphorylation at Ser40 in the regulatory domain activates the enzyme, the activation is inhibited by alpha-synuclein
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additional information
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long lasting induction of expression in anterior and posterior locus coelereus after injection of vindeburnol, i.e. RU24722, can be reversed by housing of the animals at 28°C
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additional information
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5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside activates the enzyme via AMP-activated protein kinase activation, AMP-activated protein kinase activates the enzyme by reversible phosphorylation at Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40
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additional information
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KCl induces the enzyme through activation of protein kinase C and protein kinase A, inhibition of induction by inhibitors H89 and SQ22536, but not by inhibitor PP2, overview
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additional information
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no activation by ETA and ETB selective agonists sarafotoxin S6b and IRL-1620, respectively
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additional information
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phosphorylation of Ser40 abolishes the binding of dopamine to a high affinity site on the enzyme, thereby increasing the activity of the enzyme, the low-affinity dopamine-binding site is able to regulate tyrosine hydroxylase activity in both the non-phosphorylated and pSer40 forms of the enzyme, with dissociation of dopamine from the site increasing activity 12fold and 9fold respectively
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additional information
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postinfarct sympathetic hyperactivity differentially stimulates expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter, in vitro stimulation of sympathetic neurons increases tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine synthesis to a greater extent than it stimulates norepinephrine reuptake and the NE transporter, overviewoverview
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